7.2.2 What are the healthcare issues in sub-Saharan Africa? Flashcards
in 2015, what was the IMR rate in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
86 deaths per 1000 live births
what are the reasons for SSAs IMR
- Neonatal infections : a high rate of infection from process of delivering baby causes a high rate of infection in newborn babies
- around 10% of deaths in early childhood in the region are due to diarrhoea
- lack of skilled birth attendants leads to many kids dying within 24 hrs of being born
- lack of vaccinations and mosquito nets to stop preventable diseases
what are the two most common killers in SSA
- MALARIA
- HIV
how is malaria caused ?
by parasites that are spread to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
malaria is preventable yet in 2015 there was an estimated 214 million cases - what’re the impacts? [malawi]
- it varies seasonally but reaches its peak in rainy season (jan to apr)
- highest infection rates are found around Lake Malawi due to the warm, stagnant water
- infection rates higher in rural regions
- kids, preggo women and those with HIV are at higher risk
- mosquitos becoming resistant to insecticides
- for most in malawi, a doctor is a long walk away
malawi gov combat strategies to malaria
- the Malaria strategic plan sets targets and monitors intervention
- increase use of insecticide-treated bef nets (cost £3)
- improve access to fast and effective treatment so early symptoms can be managed
- indoor residual spraying: involves spraying insecticides in places where mosquitoes are more likely to come into contact with people
HIV/AIDS - Malawi ; facties !
- average life expectancy is 50 yrs in Mal due to AIDS
- rate of HIV infection is higher in urban areas
- many families in poverty due to adults being too ill to work
- country’s development is limited due to a reduction in taxes paid from fewer people working
- children of adults with HIV often drop out of school to care for their parents
gov strategies to combat HIV/AIDS
- HIV testing and counselling (HTC) services have increased over past few years
- large investments in preventing mother-to-child transmissions where preg women are given access to medication, which helps prevent the infection being given to the baby
- increase in availability of free condoms
- increase in number of people treated with anti-retroviral treatment (ART), which helps prevent HIV leading to AIDS and therefore prevents early death
HIV meaning and what it is
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
- attacks the body’s immune system and weakens its ability to fight infections
- if left untreated, may progress to AIDS
AIDS meaning and what it is
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
- final stage of HIV, may lead to death if left untreated
international response to malaria and HIV
- ‘Roll Back Malaria’ initiative had over 500 partners working together to provide a response to the disease
• also one of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals - INITIAL global response focuses on prevention through encouraging behaviour change and also research into a vaccine (DODNT WORK 🤭)
- UN AIDS Fast Track Strategy is aiming to end it by 2030 through:
• improvements in availability of contraception
• education
• availability of medication which prevents HIV leading to AIDS
what’s a top down approach ?
large-scale project that is decided on by national governments
what’s a bottom-up approach ?
project that is planned and led by local communities to help their local area
top down approaches to development
- decisions made at governmental level, usually involves high cost
- communities likely to be affected by the decisions have little say as to what is done
- advantages of these schemes are that they are part of strategic plan which aims to develop infrastructure of the country
- BUT, they frequently lead the country into debt and the jobs created are often not for local community
bottom up approaches to development
- decisions made by local community thatll be affected
- try to help communities by helping them to help themselves
- advantages = they are small scale and so less costly
- they’re more sustainable and usually meet the needs of the local community better
Kaste Dam, Lesotho (TOP DOWN)
- lesotho highlands water project
- project developed through partnership between SA and Lesotho Govs to improve water supply for SA and provide L with an income
- many health benefits brought by the water
- farmers who lost their land from it struggle to see the environmental social benefits
Water aid (BOTTOMUP)
- british charity helping put hand water pumps in Ethiopian villages
- in E, 42 mil people don’t have access to safe, clean drinking water
- over 9000 kids die from diarrhoea caused by dirty water
- Wateraid works with each community, providing hand pump and showing community how to maintain it so they do not have to work for hours each day to collect water
- allows villagers more time to farm
Method of measurement: MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
- MDG 1: eradicate extreme hunger + poverty
- MDG 2: achieve universal primary education
- MDG 3: reduce child mortality
- MDG 4: reduce maternal mortality
PROGRESS
- 8 of 26 countries made no progress in the last decade
- 5 of 43 countries made <50 per cent progress towards target
- 27 of 43 countries made 50% or more progress to achieving this goal
- 18 of 43 countries made <50% progress towards target
Method of measurement: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
- 17 goals which aim to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity
PROGRESS
these were put in place in 2016 and progress will be measured by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
method o measurement: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
takes into the account
- life expectancy at birth
- expected years of schooling for school age kids
- average years of schooling in the adult population
- gross national income (GNI) per capita
Progress
- Botswana in 2014 had a medium HDI of 0.698
- Angola in 2014 had a low HDI of 0.533
- Niger in 2014 had a very low HDI of 0.348
