7.2.1 what challenges face social development in sub-saharan africa and south asia? Flashcards
what’s birth rate?
number of births per 1000 people per year
what’re death rates?
number of deaths per 1000 people per year
what does population growth depend on?
the balance between death and birth rates
affected by social, economic and political factors
what factors lead to higher birth rates?
E- economic
S- social
P- political
- kids provide labour on farms + security for old age (E)
- large families are seen as a sign of virility (S)
- girls may marry early, so extends their child-bearing years (S)
- women may lack education and stay at home to raise a family rather than work (S)
- high IMR rate encourages larger families to ensure survival of some children (S)
what factors lead to lower birth rates?
E- economic
S- social
P- political
- people tend to marry later, so have reduced child-bearing yrs [15-49] (S)
- women are educated and often follow careers which delay/prevent starting families (P)
- high cost of living = expensive to raise kids (E)
- couples prefer to spend money on material things: holidays, cars, etc (E)
- birth control is readily available (P)
factors that lead to higher death rates
- HIV, ebola nd other difficult to control diseases (big impact in LICs) (S)
- in HICs, the increasingly higher proportion of elderly people in ageing societies is leading to an increase (S)
factors that lead to lower death rates
- better healthcare and vaccination programmes are more available to people (P)
- less physically demanding jobs put less stress on people physically (S)
- people are educated about health and hygiene (P)
- water supplies are more reliable and cleaner (P)
- there is more sanitary disposal of waste (P)
what’s a population pyramid?
a graph that shows the age + gender distribution of a population
pop pyramid: what does a narrow slope at the top mean?
a low population of people living into older ages (HIGH DEATH RATE)
pop pyramid: what does a “bulge” in the graph mean?
a baby boom occurred
pop pyramid: wide base means what?
a large number of children
HIGH BIRTH RATES
pop pyramid: narrow base =?
less babies - LOW BIRTH RATES
pop pyramid: indents mean..
death rates are higher than usual, could be due to WAR, FAMINE, DISEASE and EMEGRATION
what are the causes of child labour?
- unemployed parents
- migration
- lack of access to/affordability of good education
- family desperate for money (poverty, supporting family)
- AIDS has led to increased number of orphans, this leaves children vulnerable to child labour
MAYBE: deprived right of education
what are the consequences of child labour?
- damaging effects on children’s health
- growth deficiencies and malnutrition
- 22,00 kids die in work-related accidents yearly
- children trapped in slavery, trafficking and prostitution
MAYBE: deprived right of education
what does the ILO (international labour organisation) do to tackle child labour?
work to improve education for kids by creating TRADE UNIONS to protect children, improving social security in places to stop parents from relying on their children to work
what does the UN do to tackle child labour?
creates international agreements to stop it
what’s the purpose of international world day against child labour ?
to raise awareness of child labour
what do charities like ‘child hope’ and ‘SOS children’ do for child labour?
they go into communities to support children
reasons for girls in india not going school?
- poor quality of school buildings, facilities and teaching
- too far away or too costly
- attitude towards women in society: many families follow the CASTE SYSTEM nd have an oppressive attitude towards women (don’t see value in their education)
- many girls expected to marry young through arranged marriage
- fear of sexual harassment which will dishonour the girls family
consequence of the lack of education to gals in india?
- poor prospectus of being able to live independently
- higher rate of IMR to uneducated mothers
- larger family sizes which keep women in the home and rearing children
what’re strategies to improve access to education nd reduce child labour to girls in india
- empowering communities: charities work with rural coms and educating parents to help them see value of girls education
- locating new schools in places where all pupils can reach them/ providing infrastructure to help reach them
- establishment of Bal Sabhas (girls councils) in all primary schools to give girls a choice
- local initiatives working with local leaders and trade unions to create labour free working environments
PULL FACTOR
a factor that attracts people to a certain area
PUSH FACTOR
a factor that makes people want to leave a certain area
what’re economic migrants
people who choose to move and work
what’re asylum seekers?
people who are forced to move
pull factors for economic migrants?
- potential employment
- safer atmosphere
- low crime rates
- fertile land
- better service provision
- good food suppliers
push factors for asylum seekers?
- unemployment
- poor safety + security
- drought
- crop failure
- flooding
- war
- poverty
impacts of refugees - example: LEBANON
- pop growth by 25%
- highest per capita concentration of refugees in the world
- increased pressure on infrastructure, public health, labour, education, housing and security
- lebanese gov requested $449 million in assistance to host the refugees
- security cells established in local communities to record illegal/violent/etc instances
- tent cities and squatter settlements cover large areas
- limited access to clean water + sanitation lead to spread of disease
- refugees kids miss out on school
tackling the issue of refuges - what are countries doing?
- Germany and Sweden see refugees as victims and have welcomed them, helping them integrate into their societies
- Austria is trying to limit the number of refugees to 80 a day
- UK agreed to accept 20,000 refugees from syria by 2020 and it will accept more unaccompanied syrian child refugees
what’s the SCHENGEN AGREEMENT
an EU agreement whereby border checks between some member states have largely been removed
border control changes :
- 2016 : border controls were temporarily introduced in seven schengen countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Sweden)
- an EU naval operation [operation sofia] has been put in place to monitor the Mediterranean Sea to prevent human smuggling/ trafficking
- EU member states agreed to provide task forces of national experts and support teams to work in hotspots such as Greece and Italy to expedite refugee screening
