7.2.1 what challenges face social development in sub-saharan africa and south asia?

Question 1

what’s birth rate?

Answer 1

number of births per 1000 people per year

Question 2

what’re death rates?

Answer 2

number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Question 3

what does population growth depend on?

Answer 3

the balance between death and birth rates

affected by social, economic and political factors

Question 4

what factors lead to higher birth rates?
E- economic
S- social
P- political

Answer 4

• kids provide labour on farms + security for old age (E)
• large families are seen as a sign of virility (S)
• girls may marry early, so extends their child-bearing years (S)
• women may lack education and stay at home to raise a family rather than work (S)
• high IMR rate encourages larger families to ensure survival of some children (S)

Question 5

what factors lead to lower birth rates?
E- economic
S- social
P- political

Answer 5

• people tend to marry later, so have reduced child-bearing yrs [15-49] (S)
• women are educated and often follow careers which delay/prevent starting families (P)
• high cost of living = expensive to raise kids (E)
• couples prefer to spend money on material things: holidays, cars, etc (E)
• birth control is readily available (P)

Question 6

factors that lead to higher death rates

Answer 6

• HIV, ebola nd other difficult to control diseases (big impact in LICs) (S)
• in HICs, the increasingly higher proportion of elderly people in ageing societies is leading to an increase (S)

Question 7

factors that lead to lower death rates

Answer 7

• better healthcare and vaccination programmes are more available to people (P)
• less physically demanding jobs put less stress on people physically (S)
• people are educated about health and hygiene (P)
• water supplies are more reliable and cleaner (P)
• there is more sanitary disposal of waste (P)

Question 8

what’s a population pyramid?

Answer 8

a graph that shows the age + gender distribution of a population

Question 9

pop pyramid: what does a narrow slope at the top mean?

Answer 9

a low population of people living into older ages (HIGH DEATH RATE)

Question 10

pop pyramid: what does a “bulge” in the graph mean?

Answer 10

a baby boom occurred

Question 11

pop pyramid: wide base means what?

Answer 11

a large number of children

HIGH BIRTH RATES

Question 12

pop pyramid: narrow base =?

Answer 12

less babies - LOW BIRTH RATES

Question 13

pop pyramid: indents mean..

Answer 13

death rates are higher than usual, could be due to WAR, FAMINE, DISEASE and EMEGRATION

Question 14

what are the causes of child labour?

Answer 14

• unemployed parents
• migration
• lack of access to/affordability of good education
• family desperate for money (poverty, supporting family)
• AIDS has led to increased number of orphans, this leaves children vulnerable to child labour

MAYBE: deprived right of education

Question 15

what are the consequences of child labour?

Answer 15

• damaging effects on children’s health
• growth deficiencies and malnutrition
• 22,00 kids die in work-related accidents yearly
• children trapped in slavery, trafficking and prostitution

MAYBE: deprived right of education

Question 16

what does the ILO (international labour organisation) do to tackle child labour?

Answer 16

work to improve education for kids by creating TRADE UNIONS to protect children, improving social security in places to stop parents from relying on their children to work

Question 17

what does the UN do to tackle child labour?

Answer 17

creates international agreements to stop it

Question 18

what’s the purpose of international world day against child labour ?

Answer 18

to raise awareness of child labour

Question 19

what do charities like ‘child hope’ and ‘SOS children’ do for child labour?

Answer 19

they go into communities to support children

Question 20

reasons for girls in india not going school?

Answer 20

• poor quality of school buildings, facilities and teaching
• too far away or too costly
• attitude towards women in society: many families follow the CASTE SYSTEM nd have an oppressive attitude towards women (don’t see value in their education)
• many girls expected to marry young through arranged marriage
• fear of sexual harassment which will dishonour the girls family

Question 21

consequence of the lack of education to gals in india?

Answer 21

• poor prospectus of being able to live independently
• higher rate of IMR to uneducated mothers
• larger family sizes which keep women in the home and rearing children

Question 22

what’re strategies to improve access to education nd reduce child labour to girls in india

Answer 22

• empowering communities: charities work with rural coms and educating parents to help them see value of girls education
• locating new schools in places where all pupils can reach them/ providing infrastructure to help reach them
• establishment of Bal Sabhas (girls councils) in all primary schools to give girls a choice
• local initiatives working with local leaders and trade unions to create labour free working environments

Question 23

PULL FACTOR

Answer 23

a factor that attracts people to a certain area

Question 24

PUSH FACTOR

Answer 24

a factor that makes people want to leave a certain area

Question 25

what’re economic migrants

Answer 25

people who choose to move and work

Question 26

what’re asylum seekers?

Answer 26

people who are forced to move

Question 27

pull factors for economic migrants?

Answer 27

• potential employment
• safer atmosphere
• low crime rates
• fertile land
• better service provision
• good food suppliers

Question 28

push factors for asylum seekers?

Answer 28

• unemployment
• poor safety + security
• drought
• crop failure
• flooding
• war
• poverty

Question 29

impacts of refugees - example: LEBANON

Answer 29

• pop growth by 25%
• highest per capita concentration of refugees in the world
• increased pressure on infrastructure, public health, labour, education, housing and security
• lebanese gov requested $449 million in assistance to host the refugees
• security cells established in local communities to record illegal/violent/etc instances
• tent cities and squatter settlements cover large areas
• limited access to clean water + sanitation lead to spread of disease
• refugees kids miss out on school

Question 30

tackling the issue of refuges - what are countries doing?

Answer 30

• Germany and Sweden see refugees as victims and have welcomed them, helping them integrate into their societies
• Austria is trying to limit the number of refugees to 80 a day
• UK agreed to accept 20,000 refugees from syria by 2020 and it will accept more unaccompanied syrian child refugees

Question 31

what’s the SCHENGEN AGREEMENT

Answer 31

an EU agreement whereby border checks between some member states have largely been removed

Question 32

border control changes :

Answer 32

• 2016 : border controls were temporarily introduced in seven schengen countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Sweden)
• an EU naval operation [operation sofia] has been put in place to monitor the Mediterranean Sea to prevent human smuggling/ trafficking
• EU member states agreed to provide task forces of national experts and support teams to work in hotspots such as Greece and Italy to expedite refugee screening