7.2 Energy for action Flashcards
is the basal metabolic rate?
A measure of the minimum energy requirement of the body at rest to fuel basic metabolic processes
what two things can create ATP
ADP and the addition of inorganic phosphate
what are the four stages of respiration?
Glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
Why does glucose need to be broken down?
It needs to become more unstable
What are the four intermediates between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis?
glucose 6 phosphate
fructose 1 phosphate
hexose 1,6 bisphosphate and two triose phosphates
how many ATP’s does glycolysis produce?
two
if oxygen is available, where does the pyruvate pass into?
The mitochondria
what happens during the link reaction?
The two carbon molecule combines with co enzyme A to form acetyl coA
what happens to pyruvate during the link reaction?
It is decarboxylated and then dehydrogenated
what is the starting and ending compounds in the Krebs cycle, not including acetyl coA
citrate and oxaloacetate
how many Kreb cycles are there for one molecule of glucose?
two
during the electron transport chain what moves through the innner membrane and what do they use?
Electrons use membrane bound proteins known as electron carriers
how does the movement of electrons affect the permeability of the inner membrane?
It increases the permeability as the electrons give energy to the inner membrane
due to the movement of electrons in the inner membrane space what is created
An electrochemical gradient
in the electron transport chain oxygen can be considered what?
The final electron acceptor
in small organisms, what can be used to measure oxygen uptake?
A respirometer
what happens when oxygen is removed from respiration?
The hydrogen ions and electrons are not accepted and the electron transport chain ceases
pyruvate can be reduced to form what during anaerobic respiration?
lactate
What does lactate do?
It regenerates the oxidised form of NAD
what is the net yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?
two
what is the net yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule in anaerobic respiration?
two
what does lactate form in muscle cells?
Lactic acid
how does lactic acid affect enzymes?
The H + ions from the lactic acid neutralise the negatively charge group and the active sites of enzymes so the substrate can no longer bind
what happens to the lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration?
It is converted back into pyruvate
when the immediate regeneration of ATP is needed, what is used?
Creatine phosphate
what are the two steps where creatine phosphate is hydrolysed to produce ATP?
Creatine phosphate > créatine + Pi
ADP + Pi > ATP
