7.1 Personality Part 2

Question 1

What is self-concept?

Answer 1

the sum of an individuals’s understanding of him or herself

Question 2

What is incongruence?

Answer 2

emotional result when the real self falls short of the ideal self

Question 3

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

Answer 3

provide an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions so they can learn and grow from their experience

Question 4

What is the behaviorist perspective?

Answer 4

personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment

Question 5

What does deterministic mean in relation to the behaviorist perspective?

Answer 5

proposes that people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determines an individual’s subsequent behavior and personality

Question 6

According to the behaviorist perspective, what does learning occur through?

Answer 6

1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning

Question 7

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 7

person acquires certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with a second, different stimulus that already produces the desired response

Question 8

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 8

behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them

Question 9

What is the definition of operant?

Answer 9

a person’s action or behavior that operates on the environment and produces consequences

Question 10

What is the purpose of behavioral therapy?

Answer 10

uses condition to shape a client’s behavior in the desired direction

Question 11

What is the social cognitive perspective?

Answer 11

personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

Question 12

What is observational learning?

Answer 12

occurs when a person watches another person’s behavior and its consequences thereby learning rules, strategies, and expected outcomes in different situations

Question 13

What is cognitive behavioral therapy?

Answer 13

type of therapy that addresses thoughts and behaviors that are maladaptive by using goal-oriented and systemic techniques

Question 14

What are personality traits?

Answer 14

stable predisposition toward a certain behavior

Question 15

What is the trait theory of personality?

Answer 15

focuses on identifying, describing, measuring, and comparing individual differences and similarities with respect to such traits

Question 16

What are surface traits?

Answer 16

evident from a person’s behavior

Question 17

What are source traits?

Answer 17

factors underlying human personality

Question 18

What are the five global factors that Raymond Cattell identified?

Answer 18

1. extroversion
2. anxiety
3. receptivity
4. accommodation
5. self control

Question 19

What are the components of the five-factor model?

Answer 19

1. extroversion
2. neuroticism
3. openness to experience
4. agreeableness
5. conscientiousness

Question 20

What is personality from the biological perspective?

Answer 20

at least partly due to innate biological differences among people

Question 21

What did Hans Eysenck propose regarding the biological perspective?

Answer 21

proposed that a person’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation

Question 22

What did Jeffrey Alan Grey propose regarding the biological perspective?

Answer 22

proposed personality is governed by interactions among three brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli

Question 23

What are the three brain systems proposed by Jeffrey Alan Gray regarding the biological perspective?

Answer 23

1. fearfulness and avoidance
2. worry and anxiety
3. optimist and impulsitvity