Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology - Mr Kelly > 7.1 - 7.4 Mass transport in animals > Flashcards

7.1 - 7.4 Mass transport in animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the structure of a haemoglobin molecule

A

A protein
Each haemoglobin molecule is made of four polypeptides:
- Two alpha-globin (each with one haem group)
- Two beta-globin (each with one haem group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does oxygen bind to haemoglobin?

A
  • Oxygen binds to haem prosthetic group at Fe²⁺
  • 1 oxygen molecule (2x oxygen atoms) can bind per haem group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the process of loading oxygen to the haem group

A
  • After first O₂ molecule binds loads to one haem group, the tertiary/quaternary structure of the haemoglobin molecule is altered
  • This makes it easier for more O₂ to load (has a higher affinity for O₂)
  • This is known as cooperative binding and ensures there is rapid uptake of oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the process of unloading oxygen from the haem group

A
  • After first O₂ molecule binds unloads to one haem group, the tertiary/quaternary structure of the haemoglobin molecule is altered
  • This makes it easier for more O₂ to dissociate (has a lower affinity for O₂)
  • This is ensures there is a rapid unload of oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of a transport system?

A
  • A suitable medium to carry materials
  • A form of mass transport
  • A closed system of tubular vessels (branching and contain transport medium)
  • A mechanism for moving transport medium between one part of the system and another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the circulatory system of mammals

A

Closed, double circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the function of the aorta

A
  • Connected to the left ventricle
  • Carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the function of the vena cava

A
  • Connected to the right atrium
  • Brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the function of the pulmonary artery

A
  • Connected to the right ventricle
  • Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the function of the pulmonary vein

A
  • Connected to the left atrium
  • Brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which blood vessels supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood?

A

Coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the three phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Ventricular systole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe diastole

A
  • Semi-lunar valve is closed
  • AV valve open
  • High blood pressure in the atrium moving blood into ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the equation to calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe atrial systole

A
  • Atria contracts to push last of blood into ventricle
  • AV valve closes
  • Semi-lunar valve opens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A
  • Ventricles contract to push the blood out of the ventricle
  • Semi-lunar valve closes
  • AV valve opens
17
Q

Name the types of blood vessels and their functions

A

Arteries - Carry blood from heart to arterioles
Arterioles - Carry blood from arteries to capillaries
Capillaries - Link arterioles to veins
Veins - Carry blood from capillaries back to heart

18
Q

Describe the basic layered structures arteries, arterioles and veins all have

A
  • Tough fibrous outer layers (resist pressure changes)
  • Muscle layer (contract and control flow of blood)
  • Elastic layer (maintain blood pressure by stretching and recoiling)
  • Endothelium (smooth to reduce friction and thin to decrease diffusion distance)
19
Q

Describe the process of tissue fluid accumulation

A
  1. Blood arrives at arterial side of capillaries, high hydrostatic pressure caused by left ventricle contractions
  2. This forces water out of the blood plasma and into the tissue by passing through small gaps in capillary walls
  3. Gaps in capillary walls are too small for proteins and blood cells to pass through, so they remain in the capillary
  4. This makes blood more concentrated/lowers water potential and creates water potential gradient (osmotic pressure) between blood plasma and tissue fluid
  5. However, the osmotic pressure cannot overcome the high hydrostatic pressure so no water moves into blood plasma via osmosis
20
Q

Describe the process of tissue fluid dispersal

A
  1. By the time blood reaches the venous side of the capillaries, the hydrostatic pressure has decreased as less fluid remains
  2. The osmotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure, therefore, most of the water is reabsorbed into the capillaries
  3. Some tissue fluid remains and is collected in lymph vessels and rejoins the circulatory system near the heart
21
Q

What does it mean if the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left?

A
  • Greater affinity for oxygen
  • Will load more oxygen
22
Q

What does it mean if the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right?

A
  • Lower affinity for oxygen
  • Will unload more oxygen
23
Q

Describe the adaptations of an artery

A
  • Thick muscle layer (arteries can constrict and dilate in order to contain volume of blood flow)
  • Thick elastic layer (allows wall to stretch and recoil to maintain high blood pressure without damage)
  • Overall thicker wall (allows wall to maintain high blood pressure without damage)
  • No valves (high pressure blood means no risk of backflow)
24
Q

Describe the adaptions of an arteriole

A
  • Muscle layer thicker than artery (allow more constriction for greater control of blood flow)
  • Thinner elastic layer (blood pressure is thinner)
25
Q

Describe the adaptions of a vein

A
  • Thin muscle layer (blood is carried away from muscles so control of blood pressure is not needed)
  • Thin elastic layer (blood pressure is low)
  • Overall thinner wall (blood pressure is low)
  • Valves (prevent backflow of blood)
26
Q

Why does the Bohr effect occur?

A
  • Increase CO2
  • Increases blood acidity which changes 3 structure of haemoglobin
  • Lower affinity for O2
  • O2 more readily released
  • More O2 available for respiration
27
Q

Explain the effect of the O2 disassociation curve shifting left

A
  • Increased O2 affinity
  • Unloads less readily
  • Less O2 to tissue, less respiration

Higher altitude or deep water

28
Q

Explain the effect of the O2 disassociation curve shifting right

A
  • Decreased O2 affinity
  • Unloads more readily
  • More O2 to tissue, more respiration

Biology - Mr Kelly (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions