7. The revolutions of 1848-49 Flashcards
causes
liberalism
nationalism
economic discontent
successes
almost every where in Italy
failure
only the Statuto in Piedmont remained
origins of the revolutions
- liberals calling for constitutions, government reforms and political freedom
- nationalists demanded independence from Austria
- economic problems. failed harvest of 1846-47 = high prices & low wages
revs in other major cities - France
- When
- what happened
- February 1848
2. angry mob force King Louis Philippe to abdicate and flee
revs in other major cities - Austria
- when
- what happened
- March 1848
2. crowds successfully call for dismissal of Metternich (the symbol of resistance to reform
success in sicily
1. what caused revs
- repression by King Ferdinand II
outbreak of Cholera leaves Sicilians in desperate state
success in sicily
2. how did rev begin
- January 1848 notices posted in Palermo announced weapons to be handed out -> on day specified clashes with gov troops -> peasants join rising
success in sicily
3. gov response
- Neapolitan army shells city.
success in sicily
4. initial success and demands
- revs taken over city. demand for restoration of 1812 constitution -> compromise offered -> refused
success in sicily
5. revs taken over most of island by
- April -> provisional gov set up by middle class moderates
success in sicily
6. why was a civic guard formed
- provisional gov of middle class moderates anxious of what peasants might do next. set up to control the masses.
success in sicily
7. the elected parliament declared
- declared Naples and Sicily separate and King of Naples no longer King of Sicily
Failure in Naples and Sicily
1. Naples - how did rev begin
- rev spread to Naples within a few days of uprising in Palermo
Failure in Naples and Sicily
2. Naples - what were the demands
- a constitution
Failure in Naples and Sicily
3. Naples - what did the King agree to
- a 2-chamber parliament with limited powers. formation of a national guard. free press from censorship
Failure in Naples and Sicily
4. Naples- the gov was able to send troops to retake Sicily by
- September 1848
Failure in Naples and Sicily
5. how were the Sicilians defeated
- intense bombardment of local towns earning King Ferdinand name ‘King Bomba’
Failure in Naples and Sicily
6. By spring 1849
- Sicily forced to accept reunification of naples. King abolished parliament and replaced with absolute rule and police state
Success in central and northern Italy
1. what happened as a result of disturbances
- Grand duke of Tuscany and King of Piedmont promise to grant constitutions.
example followed by pope.
Modena and Parma rulers flee
Success in central and northern Italy
2. where and how did the unrest begin
- Milan in Lombardy, tobacco boycott as an attempt to damage Austrian finances ->
attacking smokers ->
riots ->
revolution
Success in central and northern Italy
3. What was the revolution known as in Lombardy
- “the five days” (17-22 March)
Success in central and northern Italy.
4. why did General Radetzky withdraw from Milan (in Lombardy)
- Revolution had broken out in vienna = Metternich resigned
Success in central and northern Italy
5. What did the provisional government in Milan (set up by revolutionaries) do? what did this lead to?
- prepared to continue fight against Austria.
asked for help from Piedmont.
Charles Albert agreed to declare war on Austria.
Success in central and northern Italy
6. What happened in Austrian controlled Venetia
- revolution -> Austria surrenders
Success in central and northern Italy
7. In Venetia what was proclaimed in March 1849 and by who?
- Independent Venetian Republic of St Mark.
Daniel Manin
Success in central and northern Italy
8. Venetia’s rapidly elected assembly voted for union with who?
- Piedmont
Success in Central and Northen Italy
9. when did CA army defeat Austria
- May 1848
The impact of the pope
1. What caused trouble in Papal states?
- Pope’s army commander disobeyed orders and set off with troops to join CA’s army (pope was not at war with Austria)
The impact of the pope
2. what was the popes position? how did he make this clear?
- Pope would not go to war with Austria. would not support a united Italy.
allocution (speech) April 1848.
The impact of the pope
3. what happened as a result of the Popes position
- liberal and nationalist movements became anticlerical
Revolutionary setbacks
1. how had the fall of Metternich not produced any fundamental change? 2 things
- strong figure emerged - Sophie of Bavaria
December 1848 had son crowned as Emperor Franz Joseph
Revolutionary setbacks
2. after restoration of calm in Austria what key event happened
- June 1848 - General Radetzky defeated Charles Alberts army at Custoza
- What did Charles Alberts defeat at Custoza lead to
- armistice ->
Piedmont withdrew from Lombardy
Venetians cancelled union with Piedmont and prepared to continue war with Austria
