7. The revolutions of 1848-49

Question 1

causes

Answer 1

liberalism
nationalism
economic discontent

Question 2

successes

Answer 2

almost every where in Italy

Question 3

failure

Answer 3

only the Statuto in Piedmont remained

Question 4

origins of the revolutions

Answer 4

1. liberals calling for constitutions, government reforms and political freedom
2. nationalists demanded independence from Austria
3. economic problems. failed harvest of 1846-47 = high prices & low wages

Question 5

revs in other major cities - France

1. When
2. what happened

Answer 5

1. February 1848

2. angry mob force King Louis Philippe to abdicate and flee

Question 6

revs in other major cities - Austria

1. when
2. what happened

Answer 6

1. March 1848

2. crowds successfully call for dismissal of Metternich (the symbol of resistance to reform

Question 7

success in sicily

1. what caused revs

Answer 7

1. repression by King Ferdinand II

outbreak of Cholera leaves Sicilians in desperate state

Question 8

success in sicily

2. how did rev begin

Answer 8

2. January 1848 notices posted in Palermo announced weapons to be handed out -> on day specified clashes with gov troops -> peasants join rising

Question 9

success in sicily

3. gov response

Answer 9

3. Neapolitan army shells city.

Question 10

success in sicily

4. initial success and demands

Answer 10

4. revs taken over city. demand for restoration of 1812 constitution -> compromise offered -> refused

Question 11

success in sicily

5. revs taken over most of island by

Answer 11

5. April -> provisional gov set up by middle class moderates

Question 12

success in sicily

6. why was a civic guard formed

Answer 12

6. provisional gov of middle class moderates anxious of what peasants might do next. set up to control the masses.

Question 13

success in sicily

7. the elected parliament declared

Answer 13

7. declared Naples and Sicily separate and King of Naples no longer King of Sicily

Question 14

Failure in Naples and Sicily

1. Naples - how did rev begin

Answer 14

1. rev spread to Naples within a few days of uprising in Palermo

Question 15

Failure in Naples and Sicily

2. Naples - what were the demands

Answer 15

2. a constitution

Question 16

Failure in Naples and Sicily

3. Naples - what did the King agree to

Answer 16

3. a 2-chamber parliament with limited powers. formation of a national guard. free press from censorship

Question 17

Failure in Naples and Sicily

4. Naples- the gov was able to send troops to retake Sicily by

Answer 17

4. September 1848

Question 18

Failure in Naples and Sicily

5. how were the Sicilians defeated

Answer 18

5. intense bombardment of local towns earning King Ferdinand name ‘King Bomba’

Question 19

Failure in Naples and Sicily

6. By spring 1849

Answer 19

6. Sicily forced to accept reunification of naples. King abolished parliament and replaced with absolute rule and police state

Question 20

Success in central and northern Italy

1. what happened as a result of disturbances

Answer 20

1. Grand duke of Tuscany and King of Piedmont promise to grant constitutions.
   example followed by pope.
   Modena and Parma rulers flee

Question 21

Success in central and northern Italy

2. where and how did the unrest begin

Answer 21

2. Milan in Lombardy, tobacco boycott as an attempt to damage Austrian finances ->
   attacking smokers ->
   riots ->
   revolution

Question 22

Success in central and northern Italy

3. What was the revolution known as in Lombardy

Answer 22

3. “the five days” (17-22 March)

Question 23

Success in central and northern Italy.

4. why did General Radetzky withdraw from Milan (in Lombardy)

Answer 23

4. Revolution had broken out in vienna = Metternich resigned

Question 24

Success in central and northern Italy

5. What did the provisional government in Milan (set up by revolutionaries) do? what did this lead to?

Answer 24

5. prepared to continue fight against Austria.
   asked for help from Piedmont.
   Charles Albert agreed to declare war on Austria.

Question 25

Success in central and northern Italy | 6. What happened in Austrian controlled Venetia

Answer 25

6. revolution -> Austria surrenders

Question 26

Success in central and northern Italy | 7. In Venetia what was proclaimed in March 1849 and by who?

Answer 26

7. Independent Venetian Republic of St Mark. | Daniel Manin

Question 27

Success in central and northern Italy | 8. Venetia's rapidly elected assembly voted for union with who?

Answer 27

8. Piedmont

Question 28

Success in Central and Northen Italy | 9. when did CA army defeat Austria

Answer 28

9. May 1848

Question 29

The impact of the pope | 1. What caused trouble in Papal states?

Answer 29

1. Pope's army commander disobeyed orders and set off with troops to join CA's army (pope was not at war with Austria)

Question 30

The impact of the pope | 2. what was the popes position? how did he make this clear?

Answer 30

2. Pope would not go to war with Austria. would not support a united Italy. allocution (speech) April 1848.

Question 31

The impact of the pope | 3. what happened as a result of the Popes position

Answer 31

3. liberal and nationalist movements became anticlerical

Question 32

Revolutionary setbacks | 1. how had the fall of Metternich not produced any fundamental change? 2 things

Answer 32

1. strong figure emerged - Sophie of Bavaria | December 1848 had son crowned as Emperor Franz Joseph

Question 33

Revolutionary setbacks | 2. after restoration of calm in Austria what key event happened

Answer 33

2. June 1848 - General Radetzky defeated Charles Alberts army at Custoza

Question 34

3. What did Charles Alberts defeat at Custoza lead to

Answer 34

3. armistice -> Piedmont withdrew from Lombardy Venetians cancelled union with Piedmont and prepared to continue war with Austria