7- The Other Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

Inner ear

A

Oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, auditory nerve, round window

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media
hair cells, cochlear neuron, techtorial membrane, basilar membrane)

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2
Q

Outer ear

A

Pinna (flesh and cartiledge alters reflextions of sound waves to locate sound)

external auditory cannal

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3
Q

Place theory

A

each area along basilar membrane tuned to specific frequency, each activates hair cells of one place along membrane
-NS distinguishes based on which neurons respons

But- some parts of membrane bound to tight for this

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4
Q

Frequency theory

A

basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony wt a sound, auditory nerve axons potentiate at same frequency

But- maximum firing rate of neuron = 1000 hz (and we hear up to 20,000)

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5
Q

Theory of hearing now

A

Frequency theory for low frequencies

Volley principle for up to 4000 hz

Place theory for above 4000

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6
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Auditory cortex, medial geniculate, inferior colliculus, superior olive, cochlear nucleus

Primary audiotry cortex (A1) superior temporal cortex (auditory imagery) -damage does not mean deafness, but inability to recognize sequences of ound

Areas outside A1 for auditory ‘objects’

anterior temporal cortex = what pathway
posterior temporal cortex + parietal = where pathway

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7
Q

Conductive/middle ear deafness

A

sometimes temporary or correctible wt surgery/hearing aids

-hear self clearly

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8
Q

Nerve/ inner ear deafnes

A

damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

  • hearing aid only if receptors lost in cochlea
  • nerve damage = prenatal exposure to rubella, syphillis, decrease o2 during birth

-nerve deafness
= Tinnitus (ringing in ears)

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9
Q

Sound localization

A

difference in intensity btw ears = sound shaddow (2000-3000 hz)

  • difference i time of arrival
  • phase difference (2 consecutive peaks 360 degrees apart, up to 1500 hz)
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10
Q

Vestibular Organ

A

When head tilts calcium carbonate Ololiths that lie next to hair cells push against/excite them

  • semicircular canals filled wt jelly & lined wt hair cells
  • acceleration of head causes jelly to push against hair cells
  • action potentials travel to brainstem and cerebellum
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11
Q

Somatosensory system

A

shape of an object = descriminative touch
-deep pressure, temperature, pain, itch, tickle, position/movement of joints

-stimulation of touch receptors open Na channels in axon = AP

Chemicals stimulae receptors for heat/cold

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12
Q

Skin receptors

A

Free nerve ending (pain, warmth, cold)

Hair follicle receptors (moving hairs)

Meissner’s corpuscles (sudden displacement of skin)

Pacinian corpuscles (sudden displacement of skin, high freq vibrations)

RUffini endings (stretch)

Krause end bulbs (uncertain)

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13
Q

itch

A

mild tissue damage = histamines = itching

contact wt some plant

  • some axons for histamine, some for plant itch (also respond to heat)
  • activate neurons to produce gastrin-releasing peptide

opiates increase

scratching = pain decreases

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14
Q

Pain

A

prefrontal cortex

capsaicin - burning/stinging

  • bare nerve ending receptors- slow conduction (motor responses faster than touch) - axons release NT in spinal cord (mild- glutamate, strong- glutamate and substance P)
  • spinal cord- ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus- somatosensory cortex

or

-reticular formation of medulla - central nuclei of thalamus - amygdala and hippocampus - prefrontal cortex - cingulate cortex
= emotional associations of sensations

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15
Q

Pain relief

A

Opioid mechanisms- systs that respond to opiate drugs and similar chemicals to receptor in spinal cord and periaqueductal grey area (midbrain)
=block release of substance P

Endorphins- decrease pain (B-endorphin)
But- dynorphin A increases pain
(more in inescapable pain, during sex, thrilling music
less in brooding)

estradiol in females facilitates opiate activity

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16
Q

Gate theory

A

spinal cord neurons receive messages from pain receptors and touch receptors and from axons descending from brain

other inputs close gates for pain messages

17
Q

Pain relievers

A

Morphine - blocks slow dull pain after surgery

Placebo- no pharmacological effects

cannabinoids- block some pain in periphery of body, not CNS

Capsaicin- releases substance P faster than neurons resynthesize it= less able to send pain message (high doses damage pain receptors)
-topically or to blood stream

electrical stimulation of NS (in Thalamus or by pain pathways in spinal cord)

18
Q

Inflamed tissue

A

release histamine, nerve growth factor, other chems

increase response by heat and pain receptors

decrease wt ibuprofen

-chronic pain after injury due to increased response to same input

19
Q

Labeled-line principle

Across-fiber pattern principle

A

Labeled-line principle- each receptor responds to limited range of stimuli, meaning depends on which neurons are active

Across-fiber pattern principle- each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and a given response by a given axon means little except in comparison to what other axons are doing

20
Q

Substances that modify taste receptors

A

Miraculin (acids stimulate sweet)
sodium loryl sulfate (toothpaste)
gymnema sylvestre (dont taste sweet)

21
Q

Adaptation

Cross adaptation

A

a: fatigue of receptors sensitivity to certain tastes
ca: reduced response to one taste after exposure to another

22
Q

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

A

dif rhythms of action potentials in taste sensitive part of medulla

salty allows sodium ions through membrane on tongue

sour detects acids

sweet, bitter, umami- when molecule bingds activates g protein, which releases second messenger

neurons respond to 2+ kinds of taste

25+ bitter receptors

23
Q

NIS - nucleus of the tractus solitarius

A

in medulla

info branches to pons, lateral hypothalamus, amygdala, ventral-posterior thalamus
+ somatosensory cotex
+Insula (primary taste cortex)

24
Q

VNO Vomeronasal organ

A

set of receptors near olfactory receptors respond only to pheromones
1 receptor per pheromone

25
Q

Middle Ear

A

Tympanic membrane, hammer, anvil, stirrup