12- Emotional Behaviours

Question 1

Panic Attack

Answer 1

rapid breathing marked by extreme symp NS arousal that makes someone worry they are suffocating

Question 2

Mobius syndrome

Answer 2

unable to move facial muscles to smile

• still experience happiness
• hard to make friends

(smiling = slight increase happiness, frowning= decrease)

Question 3

Emotional brain areas

Answer 3

Limbic System: forebrain areas surrounding thalamus
** frontal and temporal cortex

-disgust = insular cortex (primary taste cortex)

Behavioural Activation syst (BAS) - L frontal and temporal
-low to moderate autonomic arousal & approach (happiness/anger)

Behavioural Inhibition syst (BIS)- increase attention and arousal, decrease action (fear/disgust)

Question 4

Prefrontal damage

Answer 4

impulsive decision making/unemotional

-cant decide b/c doesn’t know that one thing will feel bad, another good

Question 5

Dilemmas

Answer 5

PRefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, amygdala

when we identify wt other person and feel their pain, we don’t want to harm them

(not logical)

Question 6

Factors in Attack

Answer 6

• increase activity in corticomedial area of amygdala
• exposure to lead
• smoking during pregnancy, especially combined with complicated delivery
• genetics and troubled early environment
• low MAOlittleA monoamine oxidase activity and mistreatment in childhood = antisocial

Question 7

Testosterone in attack

Answer 7

• males competing for mates ** young adult
• less acurate at identifying angry face
• increase amygdala response to angry face

Question 8

Results of low serotonin

Answer 8

Rats: low serotonin turnover, increased aggression (most fighting)

Monkeys: female and male, low 5-HIAA (hydroxyindoleacetic acid- main metabolite for serotonin in CSF), fight more, die young

Humans: more violent crime
diet to increase serotonin = amino acid tryptophan, decrease other lg amino acids like phenylalanine (aspartame and maize)

Genetics: less active form of gene that controls tryptophan hydroxylase (converts tryptophan to serotonin) = increase aggrssion and violent suicide

serotonin released during aggressive behaviour (*low levels to start = abrupt change)

Question 9

Amygdala

Answer 9

Integrates environmental and genetic influences to regulate anxiety

• cells in basolateral and central nuclei of Amygdala get info from pain fibers, vision, and hearing
• Output from amygdala to hypothalamus controls Autonomic Fear REsponses (increase BP)
• Damage impairs learning of new fear responses
• Any emotion triggers increase amygdala response
• responds to facial expressions of emotions especially when less obvious (cortico blindness and guessing experession)

Question 10

Startle Reflex

Answer 10

response to loud noise

-midbrain (Pons)

Fast- auditory info to cochlear nucleus in medulla, to area in Pons, to tensing of muscles especially the neck
*more intense if already tense (PTSD)

Question 11

What area of the brain is responsible for Approach/avoidance

Answer 11

prefrontal cortex

Question 12

Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 12

Protozoan parasite

-reproduces in cates, exit eggs in feces, affects ground animals like rats and damages amygdala (animal behaves fearless and appraoches cat- so cat eats and parasite reproduces

Question 13

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome in monkeys

Answer 13

Tame and placid

Alters social behaviour (shy and fearful or friendly and fearless)

pick up matches

Question 14

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

Answer 14

skin lesions and accumulation of Calcium in Amygdala until it deteriorates

=impaired emotional processing if cues are subtle or ambiguous (less focused on emotional part of stories or images)

-look at nose/mouth to judge emotion rather than eyes
(fear shown in eyes, happiness in mouth)

Question 15

Amygdala arousal

Answer 15

-Amygdala arousal depends on serotonin reuptake in the amygdala

CCK (Cholecystokinin) - one of amygdala’s main excitatory neuromodulators
= increase anxiety
GABA = decrease anxiety

Question 16

Drugs that decrease anxiety

Answer 16

By blocking CCK or increasing GABA

Benzodiazepines: (Valium) diazepam, chlordiasepoxide, alprasolam

• binds to GABA receptor in 3/4 units surrounding chloride channel
• twists receptor so GABA binds more easily
• suppress startle increasing influences
• sleepiness, decrease memory, not for epileptic convulsions

Question 17

GABA (A) Receptor

Answer 17

chloride channel, cite that binds GABA and modify sensitivity of GABA site

Question 18

Diazepam-Binding Inhibitor

Answer 18

DBI

-chemical protein produced by brain, binds to same site and blocks effects of Benzodiazepines

Question 19

Endozepines

Answer 19

Proteins released by glia that have opposite effect of bensodiazepines
-gene controlling (=anxiety disorders)

Question 20

Alcohol

Answer 20

Alcohol
-promotes flow of chloride ions by binding strongly at special site found only on certain GABAlittleA receptors

-ROl5-4513 - drug
blocks effects of alcohol (motor coordination, decreased anxiety)

Question 21

Microdyalisis

Answer 21

fluid-filled tube injected, for discovering which NTs are released

Question 22

Behavioural medicine

Answer 22

emphasizes effects of diet/smoking/exercise/stress/ on health

Question 23

Stress

Answer 23

nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it

events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and elicit physio and behavioural responses

Activates SYmpathetic NS

HPA axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex) - dominant for long term stress

-activation of hypothalamus induces anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - stimulates human adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Cortisol - prolonged alertness & increase memory, body fight infections/heal wounds
(3rd stage = exhaustion [decrease] -loss of immune syst energy)

= increase metabolic activity, increase blood sugar and nutrient levels

Question 24

Immune System

Answer 24

Cells that protect the body against viruses/bacteria, intruders

-Autoimmune disease: body attacks normal cells (rheumatoid arthritis)

Leukocytes- WBC- B cells (mature in bone marrow, secrete antibodies)
T cells (mature in thymus gland, attack intruders directly, help T and B cells multiply), natural killer cells (attack tumor cells/cells infected wt virus, and All intruders)

Cytokines - small proteins produced by leukocytes in response to infection (combat infection, communicate wt brain to elicit behav- fever, sleepiness, decrease energy/apetite/sex drive)

Antibodies- y-shaped proteins that attach to particular antigens

Antigens- surface proteins (B cells recognize ‘self’ antigens and attack foreign ones, remembers intruder and attacks more quickly after)

Question 25

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 25

study of the ways experience alters the immune syst and how immune syst influences central NS

Question 26

Stress

Answer 26

Stress (increase production of natural killers and secretion of cytokines)
-increase metabolic activity in hippocampus (cells more vulnerable = toxins more likely to damage and decrease adaptability of hippocampal neurons)

Long stress = increase risk of illness

-social support, breathing, meditation

Depression = sickness symptoms (increase cytokines)

Question 27

Pure autonomic failure

Answer 27

output from autonomic NS to body fails almost completely

• no rxn to stress physiologically
• report same emotional responses with less feeling compared to before

(*James-Lange theory of emotion = less likely)