#7: the Muscular system Flashcards by Selena Jeon

Distinguish between the different types of joints in the body

1) The structural classification
- based on the types of tissue between the bones
- fibrous, cartilaginous, bony, synovial

2) The functional classification (main focus in the labs)
- based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
- synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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What’s the structural classification of the joint

: based on the types of tissue between the bones

fibrous: bones are linked by their fibrous connective tissue
cartilaginous: bones are linked by cartilage
bony: bones are connected by either cartilage or fibrous connective tissue that has been ossified (replaced with bone)
synovial: bones are connected by a fluid-filled capsule and supported by other additional structures

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What’s functional classification of joints?

: based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
- synarthrosis: no movement
- amphiarthrosis: a small amount of movement
- diarthrosis: free movement (all diarthrosis joints are also synovial joints)

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Describe the structural features of the knee including the bones and ligaments involved

Knee joint:
- a hinge joint involving the femur, tibia, fibula and patella
- the lateral and medial condyles of the femur articulate with those of the tibia and these connections are cushioned by the lateral and medial menisci
- On either side of the knee are the collateral ligaments: the tibial or medial collateral ligament / lateral collateral ligament (connected the femur and fibula)
- the femur and tibia are also connected by two cruciate ligaments: anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

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Describe the structural features
of hip joints, including the bones and ligaments involved

a ball and socket joint
hip bone forms from the fusion of three bones (superior ilium, the inferior and anterior pubis and the inferior and posterior ischium = acetabulum)
the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the hip joint

5 ligaments
1) iliofemoral
2) ischiofemoral
3) pubofemoral ligaments
= link their respective regions of the hip bone to the femur
4) transverse acetabular ligament
= wraps around the inferior border of the acetabulum and the acetabular notch to help hold the head of the femur in place
5) ligament of the femoral head
= connects the transverse acetabular ligament to the head of the femur

*like most other joints, additional support is provided by the muscles surrounding the joint

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Describe the structural features
of shoulder joints, including the bones and ligaments involved

The shoulder joint:
- is ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus and additionally stabilized by the clavicle
- the head of the humerus fits against the glenoid cavity of the scapula and is held in place by many skeletal muscles
- the acromioclavicular ligament: connects the posterior lateral projection of the scapula, the acromion, to the clavicle
- the coracoclavicular ligament: connects the anterior lateral projection of the scapula, the coracoid process, to the clavicle
- the coraco-acromial ligament: bridges the space between the coracoid process and acromion of the scapula
- the coracohumeral ligament: connects the coracoid process to the humerus
- the glenohumeral ligament: connects the glenoid cavity of the scapula to the humerus

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: Deltoid

origins: clavicle, scapula
insertions: humerus
actions: abducts and rotates humerus

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: Trapezius

origins: occipital bone, vertebrae c7-t12
insertions: clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
actions: adducts, elevates and depresses scapula

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: Pectoralis major

origins: Clavicle, sternum, cartilages of ribs 1-6
insertions: humerus
actions: flexes, adducts and medially rotates humerus

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: biceps branchii

origins: scapula
insertions: radial tuberosity (radius)
actions: flexes radius (forearm) at elbow and humerus at shoulder

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: tricepts branchii

origins: scapula, humerus
insertions: olecranon process of ulna
actions: extends ulna (forearm) at elbow and hymerus at shoulder

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: latissimus dorsi

origins: lumbar fascia, ribs 9-12, iliac crest (ilium)
insertions: humerus
actions: extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: external oblique

origins: ribs 5-12
insertions: linea alba, iliac crest (ilium), pubic tubercle and crest (pubis)
actions: lateral flexion of vertebral column (one); compress of abdomen and flex vertebral column (both)

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: internal oblique

origins: lumbar fascia, iliac crest (Ilium)
insertions: linea alba, pubic crest (pubis), ribs 9-12
actions: lateral flexion of vertebral column (one); compress of abdomen and flex vertebral column (both) = same as external

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: Rectus abdominis

origins: pubic crest (pubis)
insertions: Xiphoid process, cartilage of ribs 5-7
actions: flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: diaphragm

origins: lumbar vertebrae, inferior margin of rib cage
insertions: central tendon of diaphragm
actions: pulls central tendon down increasing volume of thoracic cavity

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Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: Gastrocnemius

origins: lateral and medial condyles of the femur
insertions: calcaneus
actions: plantar flexion of foot; flexion of tibia (leg) at knee

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions: Gluteus maximus

origins: dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
insertions: gluteal tuberosity (femur)
actions: extension, abduction and lateral rotation of femur (thigh) at hip

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions (quadriceps femoris group): Rectus femoris

origins: anterior spine of ilium
insertions: patella and tibial tuberosity (tibia)
actions: flexion of femur (thigh) at hip; extension of leg at knee

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions (quadriceps femoris group): Vastus lateralis

origins: lateral surface of femur
insertions: patella and tibial tuberosity (tibia) = same as other parts of quadriceps femoris group
actions: extension of tibia (leg) at knee

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions (quadriceps femoris group): vastus medialis

origins: medial surface of femur
insertions: patella and tibial tuberosity (tibia) = same as other parts of quadriceps femoris group
actions: extension of tibia (leg) at knee = same as vastus lateralis

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions (quadriceps femoris group): vastus intermedius

origins: upper anterior surface of femur
insertions: patella and tibial tuberosity (tibia) = same as other parts of quadriceps femoris group
actions: extension of tibia (leg) at knee = same as vastus lateralis

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions (hamstring group): Biceps femoris

origins: Ishial tuberosity (ischium) and femur
insertions: Fibula and lateral epicondyle of tibia
actions: extension of femur (thigh) at hip; flexion of tibia (leg) at knee

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions (hamstring group): Semitendinosus

origins: Ishial tuberosity (ischium) and femur = same as biceps femoris
insertions: medial condyle of tibia
actions: extension of femur (thigh) at hip; flexion of tibia (leg) at knee = same as biceps femoris

Identify selected muscles and their insertions, origins, and actions (hamstring group): Semi-membranosus

origins: Ischium insertions: medial condyle of tibia actions: extension of femur (thigh) at hip; flexion of tibia (leg) at knee = same as biceps femoris

Distinguish between the three (3) types of muscle tissues using slides

1) Skeletal muscle : voluntary and striated 2) Smooth muscle : involuntary and non-striated 3) Cardiac muscle : involuntary and striated

what is skeletal muscle?

: voluntary and striated the largest muscle and each end is attached to one or more bones by tendons, allowing for our large, voluntary movements - **origin**: the attachment point to the fixed bone - **insertion**: the attachment point to the moveable bone - **the action** of the muscle: the type of movement generated by the muscle contraction - **fascicles**: within skeletal muscles; wrapped with connective tissue and composed of individual muscle fibers, which are separated by endomysium (loose connective tissue) - **myofibrils**: are the basic units of muscle fibers, responsible for muscle contraction >> the oval-shaped nuclei are located right beside the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) b/c each fiber is packed with parallel, banded (or striated) myofibril which extend the length of the cell

What is Smooth muscle?

: involuntary and non-striated 2 layers 1) circular - the SM cells appear long and spindle-shaped each w/ a single, central, oval nucleus 2) longitudinal - the nuclei appear as small round dots surrounded by a circle of cytoplasm

What is Cardiac muscle

: involuntary and striated similar to that of skeletal muscle, but **unlike** skeletal muscle, the fibers are **branched** to form a continuous network - each fiber in a network is separated from the next fiber by a transverse plate and these end-to-end membranes = intercalated discs - the nuclei are centrally located

How to differentiate 3 types of muscle tissues?

**Skeletal muscle**: - attached to bones and tendons - voluntary movement - striated **Cardiac muscle**: - found in the heart (used to pump blood) - striated/ rectangular in shape - involuntary movement - the nuclei are centrally located **Smooth muscle**: - found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels (e.g. duodenum) - involuntary movement - spindle-shaped and non-striated - the nuclei appear as small round dots surrounded by a circle of cytoplasm

Explain how the muscular system works with the skeletal system to affect movement of the body

Noramlly skeletal muscles are attached to the joint; when brain signals the joints to contract, it shortens and pull on the bones, causing the movement. >> also skeletal system provides the framework of body & protections

Describe the different types of functional movements effected by muscles: abduction-adduction

**abduction**: raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body **adduction**: brings the arm down to the side of the body

Describe the different types of functional movements effected by muscles: Flexion-extension-hyperextension

**Flexion**: Flexion is the action of decreasing the angle between two body parts or bones at a joint. (moving the thumb back into the palm or against the index finger) **Extension**: Extension is the opposite of flexion; it involves increasing the angle between two body parts or bones at a joint. (moving the thumb away from the palm) **Hyperextension**: when a joint is extended past its normal range of motion >> can cause injuries, such as ligament tears in the knee or whiplash in the neck

Describe the different types of functional movements effected by muscles: rotation

**Lateral (external) rotation**: a limb rotates away from the midline of the body **Medial (internal) rotation**: a limb rotates toward the midline of the body

Describe the different types of functional movements effected by muscles: Elevation-depression

**elevation**: shrugging your shoulders - the upward movement of your shoulder blades **depression**: the downward movement

Describe the different types of functional movements effected by muscles: Dorsiflexion-plantar flexion

**Dorsiflexion**: the top of the foot moves toward the shin, as when you pull your toes up or walk on heels **plantar flexion**: the toes point down, as when you press down on the gas pedal or walk on your toes

Identify ALL of the different structural classifications of joints. 1. bony 2. synarthrosis 3. fibrous 4. amphiarthrosis 5. cartilaginous 6. diarthrosis 7. synovial

1. bony 3. fibrous 5. cartilaginous 7. synovial

Identify ALL of the different functional classifications of joints. 1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. bony 4. amphiarthrosis 5. synovial 6. diarthrosis 7. synarthrosis

4. amphiarthrosis 6. diarthrosis 7. synarthrosis

Choose the best match between the type of muscle tissue and the descriptions below. 1. No striations skeletal/ cardiac/ smooth 2. Under voluntary control skeletal/ cardiac/ smooth 3. Contains branched skeletal/ cardiac/ smooth

1. smooth 2. skeletal 3. cardiac

Match the following muscle actions with their antagonist actions. 1. elevate flex/ depress/ adduct 2. extend flex/ depress/ adduct 3. abduct flex/ depress/ adduct

1. depress 2. flex 3. adduct