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Lab test 2 > #6: the Skeletal system > Flashcards

#6: the Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Identify a subset of the major bones of the body, as well as which side of the body they come from, by using their bone markings

A

Bone markings:
1) projections:
For bone connections: process
For attaching muscles, tendons, or ligaments: trochanter, crest, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
for joints: head, neck, facet, condyle, trochlea
2) opening
: foramen, fissure, canal
3) depressions
: fossa sulcus

  1. Subdivisions of the human skeleton:
    a) the axial skeleton
    - skull and jaw
    - vertebral column, ribs and sternum
    b) appendicular skeleton
    - the limb girdle (shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle)
  2. each limb girdle has..
    a) pectoral girdle (upper limb = shoulder girdle)
    - consists 2 bones: the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)

b) pelvic girdle (lower limb)
- consists of 3 bones: ilium, ischium and the pubis (for an adult, those bones consolidated into the innominate bone or hip bone (=pelvic or coxal bone)
» the bony pelvis + the sacral + coccygeal vertebrae

*the skeleton of the free portions of the upper and lower limbs correspond w/ one another

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2
Q

explain how the structure of the skeletal system relates to its functions in the proper functioning of the human body

A

Functions:
- protections of organs in the body
- supports the weight of the body
- blood cell productions
- provides movement
- storage of minerals

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3
Q

Explain how the skeletal system works with the muscular system to affect movement of the body

A
  • skeletal muscles are usually attached to the bone by tendons, when the brain signals to a muscle contract, muscles shorten and pull on the bone, causing movement. When muscles contract, the tendon acts on the bone, causing movement.
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4
Q

what are the bone markings: projections, openings, and depressions of the bones?

A

Bone markings:
1) projections:
For bone connections: process
For attaching muscles, tendons, or ligaments: trochanter, crest, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
for joints: head, neck, facet, condyle, trochlea
2) opening
: foramen, fissure, canal
3) depressions
: fossa, sulcus

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5
Q

What are included in the upper limb?

A

The upper limb:
- arm bone = humerus
- forearm bones = radius, ulna
- hand bones = 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals
- digital bones = 3 phalanges per finger (thumb = 2)

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6
Q

Which bones are in the lower limb?

A

The lower limb:
- thigh bone = femur
- knee cap = patella
- lower leg bones = tibia, fibula
- foot bones = 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals
- digital bones = 3 phalanges per toe (big toes = 2)

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7
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Cranial cavity:
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- zygomatic
- maxilla
- mandible

Spinal cavity:
- atlas
- axis
- cervical vertebrae
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumber vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx

Thoracic cavity
: sternum, ribs

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8
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle:
- scapula
- clavicle

The upper limb:
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges

Pelvic girdle:
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis

Lower limb:
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- calcaneus
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges

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9
Q

Which bone makes up the innominate bones (hip bone)?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis
*tail bone: sacrum, coccyx

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10
Q

The bones of the skull (9):

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla and mandible

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11
Q

what’s in the pectoral girdle:

A

pectoral girdle (upper limb = shoulder girdle)
- consists 2 bones: the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)

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12
Q

What is pelvic girdle:

A

pelvic girdle (lower limb)
- consists of 3 bones: ilium, ischium and the pubis (for an adult, those bones consolidated into the innominate bone or hip bone (=pelvic or coxal bone)
» the bony pelvis + the sacral + coccygeal vertebrae

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13
Q

The arm bones

A

humerus, ulna, radius

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14
Q

The leg bones

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

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15
Q

The hand bones

A

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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16
Q

The foot bones

A

calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

17
Q

5 regions of the vertebral column (including atlas and axis)

A
  1. cervical (C1-C7)
    - atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
    - 7 vertebrae (concave)
  2. thoracic (T1-T12)
    - 12 vertebrae (convex)
  3. lumbar (L1-L5)
    - 5 vertebrae (concave)
  4. sacral (convex)
    - 5 fused vertebrae
    - it isn’t shaped well at a young age, should be after 25-30 to be fully grown
  5. coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
18
Q

List the parts of a vertebra (4):

A
  1. transverse process
    - project laterally from the neural arch at the junction of a pedicle and lamina
    - provide attachment for muscles and ligaments concerned (especially w/ rotation, lateral flexion, and stability of the spinal column)
  2. spinous process
    - projects posteriorly from the neural arch and the junction of two laminae
    - provide attachment for muscles
    (especially, with flexion, extension, rotation, and the stability of the spinal column)
  3. articular facets: where two vertebrae articulate
  4. foramina: a hole or opening in a bone that allows blood vessels, and other structures to pass through
19
Q

List three differences between a male and female pelvis

A
  1. size
    - female pelves are larger and wider than male pelves while the male pelvis is taller, narrower, and more compact
  2. shape
    - female pelves have a round pelvic inlet, while the male pelvis has a more heart-shaped pelvic inlet
  3. Iliac crests:
    - the male pelvis has higher and more pronounced iliac crests, which makes the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow
20
Q

Identify all of the components of the skeletal system
1. joints
2. muscles
3. ligaments
4. cartilages
5. bones

A

1 (joints),3 (ligaments),4 (cartilage),5 (bones)

21
Q

Identify the two divisions of the skeleton
1. cranial
2. pectoral
3. appendicular
4. pelvic
5. caudal
6. post-cranial
7. axial

A
  1. appendicular, 7. axial
22
Q

Identify all of the bone markings that are used for muscle attachment
1. fissure
2. fossa
3. condyle
4. process
5. trochanter
6. tubercle
7. canal
8. sulcus

A
  1. trochanter, 6. tubercle
    *others: crest, spine, tuberosity
23
Q

identify all of the bone markings that are openings
1. canal
2. fossa
3. fissure
4. trochanter
5. condyle
6. process
7. tubercle
8. sulcus

A
  1. canal, 3. fissure
    *others: foramen
24
Q

Identify all of the bone markings that are used in joints
1. process
2. sulcus
3. trochanter
4. condyle
5. fissure
6. fossa
7. canal
8. tubercle

A
  1. condyle
    *others: head, neck, facet, trochlea
25
Q

bone markings for projections for…
- bone connections
- attaching muscles, tendons, or ligaments
- joints

A

projections:
For bone connections: process
For attaching muscles, tendons, or ligaments: trochanter, crest, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
for joints: head, neck, facet, condyle, trochlea

26
Q

Bone markings for openings:

A

foramen, fissure, canal

27
Q

Bone markings for depressions:

A

fossa, sulcus

28
Q

Unique features of the vertebrae type:

A

1) Cervical vertebrae
- each transverse process has an opening that allows vertebral arteries and veins to pass through
- the greatest intervertebral disc height
- the spinous process splits at its end: however, the spinous process of C1 is absent, and the spinous process of C7 may not split

2) Thoracic vertebrae
: have sites for rib attachment

3) Lumbar vertebrae
- is larger and heavier than other vertebrae
- the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae are short and thick relative to the size of the vertebra and project perpendicularly from the body

4) Sacral vertebrae
: the 5 sacral vertebrae fuse together into one large bone called the sacrum
- the sacrum and ilium form the sacroiliac joint, which connects to the hips

5) Coccygeal vertebrae
: the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse into the coccyx

29
Q

Identify all of the components of the skeletal system.
1. joints
2. muscles
3. ligaments
4. cartilage
5. bones

A
  1. joints, 3. ligaments, 4. cartilage, 5. bones
30
Q

Identify the two divisions of the skeleton.
1. cranial
2. pectoral
3. appendicular
4. pelvic
5. caudal
6. post-cranial
7. axial

A
  1. appendicular/ 7. axial
31
Q

Identify all of the bone markings that are used for muscle attachment.
1. fissure
2. fossa
3. condyle
4. process
5. trochanter
6. tubercle
7. canal
8. sulcus

A
  1. trochanter/ 6. tubercle
32
Q

Identify all of the bone markings that are openings.
1. canal
2. fossa
3. fissure
4. trochanter
5. condyle
6. process
7. tubercle
8. sulcus

A
  1. canal/ 3. fissure
33
Q

Identify all of the bone markings that are used in joints.
1. process
2. sulcus
3. trochanter
4. condyle
5. fissure
6. fossa
7. canal
8. tubercle

A
  1. condyle

Lab test 2 (5 decks)

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