#6: the Skeletal system Flashcards
Identify a subset of the major bones of the body, as well as which side of the body they come from, by using their bone markings
Bone markings:
1) projections:
For bone connections: process
For attaching muscles, tendons, or ligaments: trochanter, crest, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
for joints: head, neck, facet, condyle, trochlea
2) opening
: foramen, fissure, canal
3) depressions
: fossa sulcus
- Subdivisions of the human skeleton:
a) the axial skeleton
- skull and jaw
- vertebral column, ribs and sternum
b) appendicular skeleton
- the limb girdle (shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle) - each limb girdle has..
a) pectoral girdle (upper limb = shoulder girdle)
- consists 2 bones: the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)
b) pelvic girdle (lower limb)
- consists of 3 bones: ilium, ischium and the pubis (for an adult, those bones consolidated into the innominate bone or hip bone (=pelvic or coxal bone)
» the bony pelvis + the sacral + coccygeal vertebrae
*the skeleton of the free portions of the upper and lower limbs correspond w/ one another
explain how the structure of the skeletal system relates to its functions in the proper functioning of the human body
Functions:
- protections of organs in the body
- supports the weight of the body
- blood cell productions
- provides movement
- storage of minerals
Explain how the skeletal system works with the muscular system to affect movement of the body
- skeletal muscles are usually attached to the bone by tendons, when the brain signals to a muscle contract, muscles shorten and pull on the bone, causing movement. When muscles contract, the tendon acts on the bone, causing movement.
what are the bone markings: projections, openings, and depressions of the bones?
Bone markings:
1) projections:
For bone connections: process
For attaching muscles, tendons, or ligaments: trochanter, crest, spine, tubercle, tuberosity
for joints: head, neck, facet, condyle, trochlea
2) opening
: foramen, fissure, canal
3) depressions
: fossa, sulcus
What are included in the upper limb?
The upper limb:
- arm bone = humerus
- forearm bones = radius, ulna
- hand bones = 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals
- digital bones = 3 phalanges per finger (thumb = 2)
Which bones are in the lower limb?
The lower limb:
- thigh bone = femur
- knee cap = patella
- lower leg bones = tibia, fibula
- foot bones = 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals
- digital bones = 3 phalanges per toe (big toes = 2)
Axial skeleton
Cranial cavity:
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- zygomatic
- maxilla
- mandible
Spinal cavity:
- atlas
- axis
- cervical vertebrae
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumber vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx
Thoracic cavity
: sternum, ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle:
- scapula
- clavicle
The upper limb:
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
Pelvic girdle:
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
Lower limb:
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- calcaneus
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
Which bone makes up the innominate bones (hip bone)?
ilium, ischium, pubis
*tail bone: sacrum, coccyx
The bones of the skull (9):
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, zygomatic, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla and mandible
what’s in the pectoral girdle:
pectoral girdle (upper limb = shoulder girdle)
- consists 2 bones: the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)
What is pelvic girdle:
pelvic girdle (lower limb)
- consists of 3 bones: ilium, ischium and the pubis (for an adult, those bones consolidated into the innominate bone or hip bone (=pelvic or coxal bone)
» the bony pelvis + the sacral + coccygeal vertebrae
The arm bones
humerus, ulna, radius
The leg bones
femur, patella, tibia, fibula
The hand bones
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
The foot bones
calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
5 regions of the vertebral column (including atlas and axis)
- cervical (C1-C7)
- atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
- 7 vertebrae (concave) - thoracic (T1-T12)
- 12 vertebrae (convex) - lumbar (L1-L5)
- 5 vertebrae (concave) - sacral (convex)
- 5 fused vertebrae
- it isn’t shaped well at a young age, should be after 25-30 to be fully grown - coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
List the parts of a vertebra (4):
- transverse process
- project laterally from the neural arch at the junction of a pedicle and lamina
- provide attachment for muscles and ligaments concerned (especially w/ rotation, lateral flexion, and stability of the spinal column) - spinous process
- projects posteriorly from the neural arch and the junction of two laminae
- provide attachment for muscles
(especially, with flexion, extension, rotation, and the stability of the spinal column) - articular facets: where two vertebrae articulate
- foramina: a hole or opening in a bone that allows blood vessels, and other structures to pass through
List three differences between a male and female pelvis
- size
- female pelves are larger and wider than male pelves while the male pelvis is taller, narrower, and more compact - shape
- female pelves have a round pelvic inlet, while the male pelvis has a more heart-shaped pelvic inlet - Iliac crests:
- the male pelvis has higher and more pronounced iliac crests, which makes the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow
Identify all of the components of the skeletal system
1. joints
2. muscles
3. ligaments
4. cartilages
5. bones
1 (joints),3 (ligaments),4 (cartilage),5 (bones)
Identify the two divisions of the skeleton
1. cranial
2. pectoral
3. appendicular
4. pelvic
5. caudal
6. post-cranial
7. axial
- appendicular, 7. axial
Identify all of the bone markings that are used for muscle attachment
1. fissure
2. fossa
3. condyle
4. process
5. trochanter
6. tubercle
7. canal
8. sulcus
- trochanter, 6. tubercle
*others: crest, spine, tuberosity
identify all of the bone markings that are openings
1. canal
2. fossa
3. fissure
4. trochanter
5. condyle
6. process
7. tubercle
8. sulcus
- canal, 3. fissure
*others: foramen
Identify all of the bone markings that are used in joints
1. process
2. sulcus
3. trochanter
4. condyle
5. fissure
6. fossa
7. canal
8. tubercle
- condyle
*others: head, neck, facet, trochlea
