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Year 2 Limbs > 7- The knee, popliteal fossa, leg and foot > Flashcards

7- The knee, popliteal fossa, leg and foot Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the tibial tuberosity located on the tibia?

A

anteriorly

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2
Q

What is the small protrusion in the middle of the tibial plateau called?

A

Intercondylar eminence

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3
Q

What inserts into the tibial tuberosity?

A

Patellar tendon (through which the quadriceps act)

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4
Q

Which bone in the leg does not bear any weight?

A

Fibula

NOTE: it does NOT form part of the knee joint

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5
Q

What name is given to the big toe?

A

the hallux

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6
Q

What is the name given tot he heel bone?

A

calcaneous

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7
Q

What protrusions in the ankle do the distal ends of the tibia and fibula form?

A

Tibia – medial malleolus

Fibula – lateral malleolus

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8
Q

What is the function of the fibula?

A

acts as a strut for muscle attachments

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9
Q

Name all the tarsal bones.

A 
Tallus 
Calcaneus 
Cuboid 
Navicular 
Cuneiforms (1, 2 and 3)
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10
Q

How many phalanges does each of the digits have?

A

Big toe – 2

All other toes - 3

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11
Q

Where are sesamoid bones found in the foot and which tendon do these bones lie in?

A

On the dorsal surface of the foot, beneath the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe
It lies in the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis

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12
Q

*Which tarsal bones have tuberosities?

A

Navicular and Cuboid

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13
Q

*Which muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh do not act across the knee?

A

Iliopsoas and Pectineus

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14
Q

Which muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh act across the knee?

A

Tensor fasciae latae
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris

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15
Q

Which muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh acts across the knee?

A

Gracilis

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16
Q

Describe the arrangement of the three hamstrings.

A

Biceps femoris lies more laterally (its short head comes from the lateral lip of the linea aspera) and inserts into fibula
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus are more medial and insert into the tibia

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17
Q

What movement is the anterior compartment of the leg responsible for?

A

Dorsiflexion of the ankle (extensors)

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18
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

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19
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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20
Q

Which muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus

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21
Q

Which muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

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22
Q

What movement is the lateral compartment responsible for?

A

Eversion of the foot

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23
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

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24
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Peroneal artery

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25
Q

Describe the structure and attachments of the two muscles in this compartment.

A

Both the muscles attach to the shaft of the fibula and run along the lateral side of the leg, behind the lateral malleolus and then:
Brevis – attaches to the base of the 5th metatarsal
Longus – attaches to 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (same as tibialis anterior but on the plantar surface)

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26
Q

Which muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A 
Superficial:
•	Gastrocnemius
•	Soleus
•	Plantaris
Deep:
•	Flexor digitorum longus 
•	Flexor hallucis longus 
•	Tibialis posterior
•	Popliteus
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27
Q

What movement is the posterior compartment of the leg responsible for?

A

Plantarflexion of the ankle
Flexion of the digits
(flexors)

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28
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment?

A

Tibial nerve

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29
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior compartment?

A

Posterior tibial artery

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30
Q

What are the proximal attachments of gastrocnemius?

A

It attaches to the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

has two heads

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31
Q

Which of the superficial posterior compartment muscles does not cross the knee?

A

Soleus

32
Q

Describe the distal attachment of gastrocnemius and soleus.

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus fibres come together to form one tendon – Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon)

33
Q

What is the collective term given to the gastrocnemius and soleus?

A

Triceps surae

34
Q

Describe the attachments of popliteus and explain the importance of this muscle.

A

Popliteus goes from the lateral condyle of the femur to the posterior surface of the tibia (near the soleal line)
It is important in unlocking the knee when it needs to be flexed

35
Q

Describe the positions of the long tendons (and the tibialis posterior) relative to the medial malleolus.

A

They pass behind the medial malleolus

36
Q

Describe the arrangement of muscles in the sole of the foot.

A

There are 4 layers of muscles

37
Q

Which nerve supplies extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

38
Q

Which nerves supply the majority of intrinsic foot muscles (these are in the sole of the foot - the plantar surface)?

A

The tibial nerve via the medial and lateral plantar nerves

39
Q

Which muscles are found in layer 1 of the sole?

A

Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum brevis

40
Q

Which muscles are found in layer 2 of the sole?

A

Lumbricals

Quadratus plantae

41
Q

Which muscles are found in layer 3 of the sole?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor hallucis

42
Q

Which muscles are found in layer 4 of the sole?

A

Palmar interossei

Dorsal interossei

43
Q

Which tendon are the lumbricals and quadratus plantae attached to?

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus

44
Q

What are the two muscles on the dorsal surface of the foot?

A

Extensor hallucis brevis

Extensor digitorum brevis

45
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A 
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus 
Lateral head of gastrocnemius
Medial head of gastrocnemius
(^these form the borders of the diamond shape)
Skin and fascia - forms the roof 
Femur - forms the floor
46
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery and vein
Common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve
Short saphenous vein
Popliteal lymph nodes

47
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein drain?

A

Into the popliteal vein

48
Q

What does the sural nerve come off?

A

It is formed from a branch of the tibial nerve (medial cutaneous sural nerve) and a smaller branch of the common peroneal nerve (sural communicating branch)

49
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Synovial hinge joint

50
Q

What part of the femur does the patella articulate with?

A

Intercondylar region of the femur

51
Q

What are the two articulations between the femur and the tibia?

A

Medial and lateral femorotibial articulations

52
Q

*Which sides of the intercondylar fossa do the cruciate ligaments attach to?

A

Anterior cruciate – lateral

Posterior cruciate – medial

53
Q

Where on the tibia do the cruciate ligaments attach to?

A

Anterior cruciate – anterior
Posterior cruciate – posterior
i.e. they are named based on their attachment on the tibia

54
Q

What is the main difference between the medial and lateral menisci?

A

The medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus
The lateral meniscus is separate to the lateral collateral ligament

55
Q

What is the main difference between the proximal tibiofibular joint and the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Proximal tibiofibular – synovial joint
Distal tibiofibular – fibrous joint
NOTE: they both move slightly during dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot

56
Q

Which ligaments are most commonly damaged in the ankle?

A

Lateral ligaments:
• Anterior talofibular
• Posterior talofibular
• Calcaneofibular

57
Q

Name a broad ligament on the medial side of the ankle that is rarely damaged.

A

Deltoid (tibiocalcaneal) Ligament

58
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A

Lateral longitudinal arch
Medial longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

59
Q

What structures help maintain these arches?

A

Ligaments and long tendons

60
Q

Which vessel do the circumflex femoral arteries come from?

A

Profunda femoris

61
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

passes from anterior to posterior and passes though the adductor hiatus and becomes the popliteal artery

62
Q

What is the popliteal trifurcation?

A

Division of the popliteal artery into the:
• Anterior tibial artery
• Posterior tibial artery
• Peroneal artery

63
Q

What are the two main arteries of the foot and which parts of the foot do they supply?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery - dorsal part of the foot and digits

Posterior tibial artery - sole of the foot (via the medial and lateral plantar arteries)

64
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery have to go through to access the anterior compartment?

A

Interosseous membrane

65
Q

What is the arch shaped artery on the dorsum of the foot?

A

Arcuate artery

66
Q

Which small arteries supply the digits?

A

Dorsal and plantar digital arteries

67
Q

What are the main superficial veins draining the foot and leg?

A
  • Long saphenous vein
    (from the medial end of the dorsal venous arch, going 2 cm above and lateral to the medial malleolus and along the medial side of the leg)
  • Short saphenous vein
    (from the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch, going behind the lateral malleolus)
68
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein drain?

A

It passes along the medial side of the leg and it drains into the femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction

69
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein drain?

A

It drains into the popliteal vein

70
Q

State the motor nerve supply for:

a. Hip Flexors
b. Hip Extensors
c. Knee Extensors
d. Knee Flexors
e. Ankle Dorsiflexors
f. Ankle Plantarflexors

A 
a.	Hip Flexors 
L23
b.	Hip Extensors 
L45
c.	Knee Extensors 
L34
d.	Knee Flexors 
L5S1
e.	Ankle Dorsiflexors 
L45
f.	Ankle Plantarflexors 
S12
71
Q

What is a good way of remembering some of the sensory segmental supply?

A

L3 to the knee
L4 to the floor
L5 to the great toe
S1 to the lateral side and sole of the foot

72
Q

Describe the MOTOR PERIPHERAL SUPPLY

A
  • Femoral nerve: Knee Extensors
  • Sciatic Nerve: Hamstrings
  • Tibial nerve: Posterior Compartment and Foot intrinsic muscles (everything except anterior and lateral)
  • Common Peroneal Nerve: Anterior and Lateral Compartments
73
Q

The tibial nerve supplies all intrinsic foot muscles except one. Name this muscle.

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

Supplies the posterior compartment of the leg
It then passes behind medial malleolus to divide into:
- Medial plantar nerve
- Lateral plantar nerve

74
Q

Describe the path of the sciatic nerve and describe what it innervates

A
  • Passes from pelvis to buttock via greater sciatic notch/foramen
  • In the buttock lies in the inferior and medial quadrant
  • Passes along posterior aspect of the thigh
  • Divides into the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve inconstantly

Supplies all the hamstring muscles and all the muscles below the level of the knee

NOTE: If injecting in the buttock, use the superior and lateral quadrant

75
Q

What is the path of the common perineal nerve and what does it supply?

A
  • leave popliteal fossa and winds around the neck of the fibula
    divides into:
    —–> Deep Peroneal Nerve: anterior compartment
    —–> Superficial Peroneal nerve: lateral compartment
76
Q

What is the sural nerve made up of?

A

A branch of the tibial nerve (medial sural cutaneous nerve) and a smaller branch of the common peroneal nerve (sural communicating branch)
NOTE: it can be used in nerve repair

77
Q

Which tendon is the sesamoid bones of the foot within and what tendon passes between them?

A

Sesamoid bones within Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Flexor Hallucis Longus traverses through these

Year 2 Limbs (7 decks)

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