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Year 2 Limbs > 3 - Elbow, forearm and wrist > Flashcards

3 - Elbow, forearm and wrist Flashcards

1
Q

Name the carpal bones.

A

proximal row – scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

distal row – hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

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2
Q

Which fossae are present on the anterior side of the distal humerus?

A 
Radial fossa
Coranoid fossa (the coranoid process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is flexed)
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3
Q

What are the two articular surfaces of the distal humerus and what do they articulate with?

A

Capitulum – articulates with the head of the radius
Trochlea – articulates with the head of the ulna

(head of the ulna is at the distal end no?)

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4
Q

What is the importance of the epicondyles of the humerus?

A

They are important sites of attachment of forearm muscles

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5
Q

Which fossa is present on the posterior side of the distal humerus?

A

Olecranon fossa – the olecranon process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is extended

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6
Q

Where are tuberosities found near the elbow joint?

A

Radial tuberosity

Ulnar tuberosity

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7
Q

Where processes are found near the wrist joint (on radius and ulna)?

A

styloid processes

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8
Q

Where is the head of the ulna and radius?

A

radius - proximal end

ulna - distal end

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9
Q

What does the distal end of the ulna articulate with?

A

An articular disc (not with carpal bones)

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10
Q

What does the distal end of the radius articulate with?

A

Scaphoid and lunate (and triquetrum)

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11
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm?

A

Interosseous membrane

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12
Q

Which carpal bone is a sesamoid bone and which muscle tendon is it enclosed in?

A

Pisiform

It is within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

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13
Q

What are the two joints of the forearm that don’t form part of the elbow joint?

A

proximal and distal radial-ulna joints (especially proximal)

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14
Q

What is the distal attachment of biceps brachii?

A

Radial tuberosity

Biceps aponeurosis

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15
Q

What is the distal attachment of brachialis?

A

Coronoid process of ulna

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16
Q

What is the distal attachment of triceps?

A

Olecranon process

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17
Q

Which compartment are the pronators and supinators in?

A

Pronators – anterior

Supinators – posterior

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18
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the arm? (the triceps and anconeus)

A

radial nerve (C7,8)

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19
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm? (the biceps, brachialis and coracobrachialis)

A

musculocutaneous nerve (C7,8)

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20
Q

Where do the forearm muscles originate from?

A

distal humerus, as well as radicand ulna

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21
Q

Which muscles are in the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

A 
Pronator teres 
Flexor carpi radialis 
Palmaris longus 
Flexor digitorum superficialis 
Flexor carpi ulnaris
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22
Q

Which muscles are in the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

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23
Q

What is the name of the superficial muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm that flexes the digits?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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24
Q

What is the common flexor origin?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus – this is where most of the anterior compartment muscles (particularly the superficial muscles) originate

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25
Q

Which of the superficial anterior compartment muscles do not cross the wrist?

A

Pronator teres

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26
Q

Describe the attachments of pronator quadratus.

A

It is attached between the distal ends of ulna and radius

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27
Q

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor retinaculum

28
Q

Which tendon is continuous with the palmar aponeurosis?

A

Palmaris longus tendon
NOTE: palmaris longus tendon isn’t present in everyone and before it spreads to form the palmar aponeurosis, it is attached to the flexor retinaculum

29
Q

Name all the muscles in the extensor compartment of the forearm.

A 
Muscles that move the wrist:
•	Extensor carpi radialis longus 
•	Extensor carpi radialis brevis 
•	Extensor carpi ulnaris 
Muscles that move the fingers:
•	Extensor indicis 
•	Extensor digitorum
•	Extensor digiti minimi
Muscles that move the thumb:
•	Abductor pollicis longus 
•	Extensor pollicis longus 
•	Extensor pollicis brevis 
Others:
•	Brachioradialis 
•	Supinator
30
Q

Where is the common extensor origin?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

31
Q

What can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Scaphoid (this is often fractured when trying to break a fall)

32
Q

Which tendons mark the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Lateral – Extensor Pollicis Brevis + Abductor Pollicis Longus
Medially – Extensor Pollicis Longus

33
Q

What does the head of the radius articulate with?

A

Capitulum

34
Q

What are the main ligaments found at the elbow joint?

A

Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
Anular ligament

35
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow joint?

A

hinge synovial

36
Q

What is the role of the anular ligament?

A

It goes around just under the head of the radius and it helps hold the radius in place
It allows the radius to rotate (pronation and supination)

37
Q

Describe the difference in carrying angle between genders.

A

Men – 10-15 degrees

Women - > 15 degrees

38
Q

Describe the articulation of the radius and ulna with the carpal bones.

A

The distal end of the radius articulates with scaphoid and lunate
The distal end of the ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones, it articulates with an articular disc

39
Q

Which muscles are involved in flexion at the elbow joint?

A

brachialis
biceps
(brachioradialis)
(pronator teres)

40
Q

Which muscles are involved in extension at the elbow joint?

A

triceps

anconeus

41
Q

Which muscles are involved in supination?

A

Supinator
Biceps brachii
(EPL, ECRL)

42
Q

Which muscles are involved in pronation?

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
(FCR, PL, brachioradialis)

43
Q

Describe how the biceps contribute to supination.

A

The biceps tendon inserts into the radial tuberosity
When prone, the radial tuberosity is turned posteriorly
So then when the biceps contract, it will pull the tuberosity back around

44
Q

Which muscles are important for:

a. Flexion of the wrist
b. Extension of the wrist
c. Radial deviation (abduction) at the wrist
d. Ulnar deviation (adduction) at the wrist

A 
a.	Flexion of the wrist
FCU, FCR
(APL, PL)
b.	Extension of the wrist 
ECRL, ECRB, ECU 
c.	Radial deviation (abduction)
ECRL, ECRB, FCR, APL
d.	Ulnar deviation (adduction)
ECU, FCU
45
Q

What is an important branch of the ulnar artery?

A

Common interosseous branch

This splits into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

46
Q

What are the arterial arches of the hand made up of?

A

Anastomosis of the radial and ulnar arteries

47
Q

What is the name given to the space anterior to the elbow and what are its boundaries?

A

Cubital fossa
Superior border – line between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
Medial border – lateral border of pronator teres
Lateral border – medial border of brachioradialis

48
Q

What happens to the biceps aponeurosis in the cubital fossa?

A

It merges with the fascia of the region

49
Q

What important vessels and nerves pass through the cubital fossa?

A

Brachial artery and veins

Median nerve

50
Q

What function does the brachioradialis have?

A

con contribute toward flexion or extension (depending on whether the arm is supine or prone)
can also contribute towards pronation and supination

51
Q

Describe the arrangement of superficial veins in the upper limb.

A

The cephalic vein (runs laterally) and the basilic vein (runs medially) originate from the dorsal venous arch of the hand
The basilica vein joins venae commitantes to form the axillary vein in the arm
The cephalic vein joins the axillary vein at the axilla
The axillary vein becomes the subclavian vein at the level of the 1st rib
NOTE: there is normally a median cubital vein joining the cephalic and basilic at the cubital fossa

52
Q

Describe the deep venous drainage of the upper limb.

A

The deep venous drainage of the upper limb runs in reverse to the arterial supply

53
Q

What lymph nodes are found in the upper limb?

A

Cubital lymph nodes

Axillary lymph nodes

54
Q

State which spinal nerves roots make up:

a. Musculocutaneous nerve
b. Radial nerve
c. Median nerve
d. Ulnar nerve

A 
a.	Musculocutaneous nerve 
C567
b.	Radial nerve 
C5678 T1
c.	Median nerve 
C678 T1
d.	Ulnar nerve 
C8 T1
55
Q

What is the role of the musculocutaneous nerve in the forearm?

A

(supplies the anterior compartment of the upper arm)

It has a lateral cutaneous branch, which provides sensory innervation to the lateral part of the forearm

56
Q

Describe the passage of the median nerve through the arm.

A

Courses through the anterior compartment and lies anterior to the elbow, with the brachial artery
Crosses over at the elbow joint
It is the main nerve to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm

57
Q

Where can the median nerve be damaged easily?

A

Elbow and wrist

58
Q

Describe the passage of the ulnar nerve

A

via posterior compartment of the upper arm (no significant branching)
lies below the medial epicondyle in the elbow

59
Q

What does the ulna nerve supply?

A

some muscle of the forearm

MAIN NERVE OF THE HAND

60
Q

Which muscles of the forearm does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

FCU

Ulnar half of FDP

61
Q

Where is the ulnar nerve easily damaged?

A

It lies behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus where it can easily be damaged
It can also be damaged at the wrist

62
Q

What does the radial nerve supply?

A

all muscles of the posterior compartments of the upper arm and forearm

63
Q

Describe the passage of the radial nerve

A

Passes around the body of the humerus at its mid-shaft in the radial groove
Supplies triceps in the arm
Courses via the anterior compartment of the upper arm more distally

64
Q

Describe the divisions of the radial nerve

A

Divides just above the level of the elbow into;

  • Deep branch – the posterior interosseous nerve (motor)
  • Superficial branch – the superficial radial nerve (sensory)
65
Q

Where is the radial nerve easily damaged?

A

It lies close to the humerus in the radial groove so fractures of the humerus could damage the radial nerve
It can also be damaged in the axillary region

66
Q

What is the role of the flexor retinaculum?

A

It holds down the long tendons and prevents them from bowing

Year 2 Limbs (7 decks)

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