Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Perception > 7. The Chemical Senses > Flashcards

7. The Chemical Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is JND?

A

Just Noticeable Difference: The detection threshold of the concentration of odorants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is identification of odours like without visual cues?

A

Poor, but when given a choice of options the performance is often perfect. This shows how important contextual information is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s the relationship with smoking and identifying odours

A

Negative relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the relationship with age and identifying odours?

A

Relatively constant until 70 where there is a steep drop off.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many types of olfactory receptor neurones (ORN) are there?

A

350

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many types of olfactory receptor neurones (ORN) are there?

A

350

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many of each olfactory receptor neurones (ORN) are there?

A

10,000-20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are GPCRs

A

G-protein coupled receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the olfactory system work?

A
  • Odorant molecules dissolve into mucus
  • Bind to olfactory receptors
  • Open calcium and sodium channels resulting in their influx
  • If the concentration of odorant molecules is high enough the membrane will depolarise resulting in an action potential
  • AP goes to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
  • AP then goes to higher cortical areas.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the piriform cortex known as?

A

The primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the piriform cortex do in the olfactory system?

A
  • Receives signals from olfactory bulb
  • Anterior piriform cortex: produces representations of features of the chemical structure of odorants.
  • Posterior piriform cortex: produces representations of the quality of an odour overall.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the piriform cortex do in the olfactory system?

A
  • Receives signals from olfactory bulb
  • Anterior piriform cortex: produces representations of features of the chemical structure of odorants.
  • Posterior piriform cortex: produces representations of the quality of an odour overall.
  • After repeated neural activation related to the same odour, neural connections can form between each component.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the amygdala do in the olfactory system?

A
  • Activated by emotional stimuli such as pleasant and unpleasant smells
  • Sends signal to hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the entorhinal cortex do in the olfactory system?

A
  • Gateway to the hippocampus (memory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the orbitofrontal cortex do in the olfactory system?

A
  • Receives signals from the amygdala (emotions), piriform cortex (representations of odour) and entorhinal cortex (hippocampus gateway).
  • Evaluates incoming stimuli as positive or negative.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the five taste sensations?

A
  • Sweet
  • Salty
  • Bitter
  • Sour
  • Umami
17
Q

What is taste onset?

A

How the taste unfolds over time.

18
Q

What is taste intensity?

A

Proportional to the concentration of tastants and therefore activity in the taste-responsive neurones.

19
Q

What is taste hedonics?

A

Whether a taste sensation is perceived as pleasant or unpleasant.

20
Q

What is taste localisation?

A

Where in the mouth the taste is sensed.

21
Q

What are the four types of papillae?

A
  • Fungiform
  • Filliform
  • Circumvilliate
  • Foliate
22
Q

What are the four types of papillae?

A
  • Fungiform
  • Filliform
  • Circumvilliate
  • Foliate
23
Q

Where are the papillae found?

  • Fungiform
  • Filliform
  • Circumvilliate
  • Foliate
A
  • On the tounge.
  • Fungiform: front of the tounge
  • Filliform: middle of the tounge
  • Circumvilliate: back of the tounge
  • Foliate: back of the tounge on the sides
24
Q

Which papillae contain taste buds?

  • Fungiform
  • Filliform
  • Circumvilliate
  • Foliate
A
  • Fungiform: YES
  • Filliform: NO
  • Circumvilliate: YES
  • Foliate: YES
25
Q

Describe taste buds

A
  • Contain taste cells

- Taste cells have receptor sites on their tip.

26
Q

Describe the pathway of mouth to brain

A
  • Tongue
  • Nucleus of the solitary tract (gustatory nucleus)
  • Thalamus
  • Insula (which projects to the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and hypothalamus).
27
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in taste?

A

Representation of emotion

28
Q

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in taste?

A

Representation of the reward value of food.

29
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in taste?

A

Representation of hunger.

30
Q

What components make up flavour?

A

Taste, olfaction, hunger, thirst, expectation, vision, feeling in the mouth (texture, temperature, dryness).

31
Q

What is the primary taste area?

A

Insula

32
Q

What is the secondary taste area?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

33
Q

What route does flavour take?

A

The retronasal route.

34
Q

What is sensory specific satiety?

A

Pleasantness is rated higher pre-satiety, and unpleasant post-satiety.

35
Q

What is transduction?

A

Where molecules activate receptors resulting in neural activity.

Perception (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions