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Biology XI > 7 Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissues) > Flashcards

7 Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissues) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

In multicellular organisms, a group of similar cells along with intercellular substances perform a specific function. Such an organisation is called a tissue

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissues found in animals?

A

Tissues are broadly classified into four types – Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscular Tissue and Neural Tissue

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3
Q

Which part of the human body is made up of all four types of tissues?

A

Heart

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4
Q

What is morphology?

A

Morphology refers to study of form or externally visible features.

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5
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The word anatomy conventionally is used for the study of morphology of
internal organs in the animals.

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6
Q

Who coined the term ‘Animal Tissue’?

A

Bichat

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7
Q

Who coined the term ‘Plant Tissue’?

A

Grew

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8
Q

What is study of tissue called?

A

Histology

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9
Q

What is the detailed study of tissue called?

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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10
Q

Who is the Father of Histology?

A

Bichat

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11
Q

Who is the Father of Microscopic Anatomy?

A

Marcello Malpighi

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12
Q

During embryonic development ________ tissue originates first.

A

Epithelium

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13
Q

What is basement membrane of epithelium tissue composed of?

A

Glycoproteins, Mucopolysachharides & Protein Fibres

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14
Q

What are the four types of cell junctions?

A

Tight Junctions, Adhering Junctions (Desmosomes), Gap Junctions & Interdigitations

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of microvilli? What is its function?

A

Minute Process
Non-Motile
Non-Contractile

Function :-
Increase surface area for
absorption & secretion

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of cilia? What is its function?

A

Long Cylindrical Process
Motile
Contractile

Function :-
Helps in movement &
locomotion
It moves particles or mucous
in specific direction over the
epithelium. (Movement is in
uniform direction)
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17
Q

What is the other name of Cilia?

A

Kinocilia

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of stereocilia? What is its function?

A

Conical Process
Non-Motile
Non-Contractile

Function :-
Increase surface area

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19
Q

Where is microvilli present in the body?

A

Wall of intestine
Gall bladder
PCT of Nephron

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20
Q

Where is kinocilia present in the body?

A

Inner surface of hollow
organs like bronchioles &
fallopian tube.

Uterus, Trachea

Ependymal epithelium
(Inner lining of brain cavities
(ventricles) & central canal
of spinal cord) where it helps
in cerebrospinal fluid
conduction.
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21
Q

Where is stereocilia present in the body?

A

Epididymis & Vas deferens

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22
Q

Which tissue originated from all three primordial germinal layers?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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23
Q

What is the difference between simple & compound epithelium?

A

Simple Epithelium -
Composed of single layer of cells
Functions as lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes

Compound Epithelium -
Consists of 2 or more cell layers
It has protective function as it does in our skin

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24
Q

What are the four types of simple epithelium?

A

(1) Simple Squamous
(2) Simple Cuboidal
(3) Simple Columnar
(4) Pseudostratified

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25
Q

What are the four types of stratified epithelium?

A

Non Stretchable -

Stratified squamous
Stratified columnar
Stratified cuboidal

Stretchable (Transitional)

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of squamous epithelium? What are its functions?

A

The squamous epithelium is made of a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries

This epithelium is associated with filtration & diffusion

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27
Q

What are the other names for simple squamous epithelium?

A

Pavement Epithelium - Tile like appearance

Tessellated Epithelium - Wavy Appearance in Blood Vessel & Coelom

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28
Q

Which tissue is present in Alveoli of Lungs & Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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29
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

Covering of coelom (body cavity) is called as mesothelium

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30
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Inner lining of blood & lymph vessels is called endothelium

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31
Q

What is endocardium?

A

Innermost lining of the heart is called endocardium

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32
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is present in which parts of the body?

A 
Outer surface of intestine.
Bowman's capsule (Podocyte)
Alveoli of lungs (Pneumocytes type-I) (air sacs of lungs)
Mesothelium .
Endothelium
Endocardium
Thin part of Loop of Henle
Peritoneum
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33
Q

The epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of nephron in the kidney has ________.

A

Microviili

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34
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion & Absorption

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35
Q

_____________ is found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of Nephrons.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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36
Q

In which parts of the body is simple cuboidal epithelium present?

A 
Follicle of Thyroid gland
Type II Pneumocytes of alveoli
Acini of Pancreas
Secretory unit of sweat glands
Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body of eye, epithelium of retina
DCT of nephron
Thick part of loop of Henle
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37
Q

___________ is also known as Germinal Epithelium

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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38
Q

___________ Cuboidal Epithelium is found in PCT of Nephron.

A

Brush-bordered

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39
Q

__________ cuboidal epithelium is present in collecting duct.

A

Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium

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40
Q

___________ are found in the lining of stomach and intestine and help in
secretion and absorption.

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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41
Q

What are the functions of ciliated epithelium?

A

If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epithelium. Their function is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium

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42
Q

____________ is found in liver, bile ducts and uterus.

A

Simpe Columnar Epithelium

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43
Q

Brush bordered Columnar epithelium is present in which part of the body?

A

Gall Bladder

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44
Q

Which type of Simple columnar epithelium is present in GI Tract?

A

Glandular Columnar

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45
Q

Glandular Brush bordered columnar epithelium is found in which part of the body?

A

Small Intestine

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46
Q

What is the ependymal epithelium?

A

Inner Linings of Brain Ventricle - Conduction of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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47
Q

Which type of Simple columnar epithelium is present in Epididymis & Vas deferens?

A

Sterio ciliated columnar epithelium

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48
Q

What are the characteristics of Pseudostratified Epithelium?

A

It is also a modification of columnar epithelium that contains long & short cells.

Nucleus in both cells are present on different level so it appears bilayered because few cells are too
short to reach the top surface but all cells are present on single basement membrane, so it is unilayered.

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49
Q

In which part of the body is Pseudostratified columnar ciliated glandular epithelium found?

A

Respiratory Epithelium of Nasal Chambers
Trachea
Bronchi

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50
Q

What are the main functions of compound epithelium?

A

Their main function is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical
stresses.

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51
Q

In which parts of the body is compound epithelium found?

A

Dry surface of the skin
Moist surface of buccal cavity
Pharynx
Inner lining of ducts of Salivary Glands and of Pancreatic Ducts

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52
Q

What is the other name for Transitional Epithelium?

A

Urothelium

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53
Q

What are the characteristics of Transitional Epithelium?

A

In this epithelium basement membrane becomes invisible during stretching.

In this epithelium 4-6 layers of cells are present.

Innermost layer of cell is composed of cube like cells.

Middle 2-4 layers are composed of pear shaped /Polyhedral cells.

Outermost 1 or 2 layers are of oval shaped cells.

These different shape of cells appears only in resting stage. When this tissue is stretched, all the cells
become flattened.

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54
Q

In transitional epithelium, cells are interconnected by _____________.

A

Interdigitations

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55
Q

Transitional Epithelium is present in which parts of the body?

A

Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Proximal part of male urethra

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56
Q

What is Germinativum Layer?

A

In Stratified Squamous Epithelium, innermost layer of cells are of cuboidal or columnar shaped.

They divide to form cells of outer layer in the epithelium, so this layer is called as Germinativum layer.

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57
Q

In stratified squamous epithelium, cells are interconnected by _________.

A

Desmosomes

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58
Q

What are Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

If keratin protein is present, cells become non nucleated and dead.

Examples -Epidermis of skin & skin derivatives. Hair, Horn, Hooves, Scales, feathers

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59
Q

What are Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

If Keratin protein is absent. Cells are nucleated
and Living.

It lines the moist surface of buccal cavity, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Anal canal, vagina etc.

Cornea of eye, Conjunctiva of eye.

Inner lining of cheeks, lips, hard palate

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60
Q

____________________ is found in Secretory Duct of Sweat, Salivary, Mammary & Sebaceous Glands.

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

61
Q

Which type of tissue is found in Distal part of Male Urethra?

A

Non Ciliated Stratified Columnar Epithelium

62
Q

What are the two types of Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

(1) Ciliated
Eg. Larynx, Buccopharyngeal cavity of Frog.

(2) Non ciliated
Eg. Distal part of male urethra, Epiglottis

63
Q

______________ are the most abundant tissue in the body of complex animals.

A

Connective Tissue

64
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A

The functions of connective tissues are -

  1. To connect structures.
  2. To form packing around organs.
  3. To form a supporting framework.
  4. To combat foreign toxins.
  5. To replace tissues which have been destroyed by injury
65
Q

What are the types of connective tissues?

A

Loose CT - Areolar & Adipose
Dense CT - Regular & Irregular
Specialised - Skeletal & Fluid

66
Q

Connective tissue is made up of which three main components?

A

Cells
Fibres
Matrix

67
Q

What are the three types of structural protein fibres in connective tissues?

A

Collagen - Provide strength
Elastin FIbres - Provide elasticity
Reticulin - Provide flexibility

68
Q

Connective tissue are ______________ in origin.

A

Mesodermal

69
Q

What are the characteristics of fibroblasts?

A

Largest cells of connective tissue proper

Maximum in number

Irregular in shape due to long cytoplasmic processes

Cytoplasm is rich in rough ER

Primary function is to produce protein fibres

Secrete matrix of connective tissue (Chief matrix producing cells)

70
Q

What are the characteristics of Macrophages?

A

2 largest in size nd
2 maximum in number

Amoeboid cells, kidney shaped nucleus

Cytoplasm is agranular but appears to be granular due to more number of lysosomes

Phagocytic in nature

Destroy bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis

Also called scavengers of connective tissue because they destroy dead or damaged cells to clean connective tissues

Also called histeocytes

71
Q

What are the characteristics of mesenchyme cells?

A

Small sized pluripotent cells of connective tissue proper

72
Q

Who called connective tissue mesenchyme?

A

O. Hartwig

73
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

Centrally located large nucleus and cytoplasm is peripheral

Key cells of immune system and involved in production of antibodies

74
Q

What are the characteristics of plasma cells?

A

Small amoeboid cells

In these cells rounded nucleus is present in which
chromatin material is arranged like spokes (cartwheel cells)

Also called clones of lymphocytes as these are formed
by division of lymphocytes

Produce and transport antibodies

75
Q

What are the differences between monolocular and multilocular adipocytes?

A

1) Monolocular Cells -

Single large, central fat globule is present

Cytoplasm and nucleus becomes peripheral

Form white fat

2) Multilocular Cells -

Many, small, fat granules distributed in cytoplasm around nucleus

Cytoplasm is more 

Form Brown fat

76
Q

What are the characteristics of mast cells?

A

Small and amoeboid cells with S-shaped nucleus

Secrete-histamine, serotonin (5-HT), heparin and matrix of connective tissue proper

77
Q

What are the functions of the following fluids -

1) Heparin
2) Histamine
3) Serotonin

A

Heparin - Anticoagulant
Histamine - Vasodilator
Serotonin - Vasoconstrictor

78
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen fibres?

A

Also known as white fibres

Made up of collagen protein (most abundant
protein in animal kingdom)

Wavy, inelastic, tough fibres arranged in
the form of bundles (fascia)

On boiling they yield gelatine

79
Q

Which is the most abundant protein in animal kingdom?

A

Collagen Protein

80
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic fibres?

A

Also known as yellow fibres

Composed of elastin proteins
 
Branched but arranged singly
 
Maximum elasticity is present, Highly resistant to chemicals
81
Q

What are the characteristics of reticular fibres?

A

Also called fibres as they can be stained
with silver salts
arzyrophil

Composed of reticulin protein

Highly branched fibres which always form dense network

Delicate fibres, Elasticity is completely absent

Mainly found in lymphoid organs such as spleen, lymph nodes etc.

82
Q

Loose Connective tissues have ______ matrix and _____ fibres. (more/less)

A

More Matrix

Less Fibres

83
Q

Which tissue is also known as spongy tissue?

A

Areolar CT

84
Q

What are areolae?

A

Due to irregular arrangement of bundle of collagen fibres many gaps are present. These gaps are called Areolae.

85
Q

What are the components of areolae?

A

In areolae other components of connective tissue. Like fibres, cells & matrix are distributed.

Few elastic fibres are present

It contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres), macrophages and mast cells

86
Q

What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

Function :- It serves as a support framework for epithelium.

87
Q

What are the examples of areolar connective tissue?

A 
Tela Subcutanea
Sub mucosa of Trachea, Bronchi, Intestine, Oesophagus & Stomach
Endomysium (Single Muscle Fibre)
Perimysium (Bundle of Muscle Fibre)
Endoneurium (Single Nerve Fibre)
Around Blood Vessels
88
Q

What is Tela Subcutanea?

A

Tela Subcutanea:- A thin continuous layer which connect skin with underlying skeletal muscles
(Panniculus carnosus)

89
Q

What are the characteristics of adipose connective tissue?

A

Adipose tissue is another type of loose connective tissue located mainly beneath the skin.

It contains adipocytes / fat cells abundantly.

90
Q

What is the difference between white & brown fat?

A

White Fat -

1) Monolocular Adipocytes
2) Less cytoplasm, less mitochondria
3) Less energy

Brown Fat -

1) Multilocular Adipocytes
2) More cytoplasm, more mitochondria
3) 20 times more energy

91
Q

What are the examples of white fat connective tissue?

A

Panniculus adiposus :- A thin continuous layer of white fat under the dermis of skin which is also called
hypodermis of skin

Yellow bone marrow

Fat bodies of frog

Blubber of whale

Hump of camel

It is also found around delicate organ like eyeball, kidney etc. as a shock absorber

92
Q

What are the examples of brown fat connective tissue?

A

Cold resistance device in newborn baby is due to presence of brown fat.

Hibernating Rodents like rat, shrew.

93
Q

What are the characteristics of dense fibrous connective tissue?

A

It contains more fibres and less matrix.

  • Fibres and fibroblast cells are compactly packed in dense connective tissue.
  • Orientation of fibres show a regular or irregular pattern and are called dense regular and dense irregular tissue.
94
Q

What are the other names for dense regular & irregular tissue?

A

Dense Regular - Cord

Dense Irregular - Sheath

95
Q

What are the differences between white fibrous connective tissue & yellow fibrous connective tissue?

A

White Fibrous CT -

1) More white fibre
2) Yellow fibre absent

Yellow Fibrous CT -

1) More yellow fibre
2) Less white fibre

96
Q

What are the examples of White Fibrous Cord CT?

A

Tendon - Muscle to Bone Connection

97
Q

What are the examples of White Fibrous Sheath CT?

A

(A) Outer Covering of Organs -

1) Pericardium - Covering of heart.
2)Periosteum - Outer covering of bone.
3) Perichondrium - Outer covering of cartilage.
4) Epimysium - Covering of muscle.
5) Renal capsule - Around kidney.
6) Tunica albuginea - Covering of testis.
7) Duramater - Outermost covering of brain.
8 Glisson’s capsule - Around liver lobules.

(B) Cornea of eye
(C) Tunica adventia of Trachea, Bronchi, Oesophagus

98
Q

What are the examples of Yellow Fibrous Cord CT?

A

Ligaments (Bones to Bones)

99
Q

What are the examples of Yellow Fibrous Sheath CT?

A

Wall of alveoli of lungs

Wall of small bronchioles

Wall of lymph vessels & blood vessels

True vocal cords

100
Q

What are the other names for Reticular Fibrous CT?

A

Lymphoid Tissue

101
Q

What are the characteristics of Reticular Fibrous CT?

A

Matrix of this tissue is like lymph.

Reticular fibres are more in amount & form dense network around reticular cells.

Lymphocytes are also more in number.

102
Q

What are the functions of Reticular Fibrous CT?

A

Provide support and strength and form the stroma (Frame work) of soft organs

103
Q

What are the examples of Reticular Fibrous CT?

A

Spleen

Lymph nodes (Tonsils, Payer’s Patches).

Endosteum (covering of bone marrow cavity)

104
Q

____________ is the outermost covering of cartilage. It is composed of _________.

A

Perichondrium, White Fibrous CT

105
Q

_____________ are cartilage producing cells.

A

Chondroblasts

106
Q

Chondroblasts divide to form _________.

A

Chondrocytes

107
Q

Chondrocytes are found in small cavities called ________.

A

Lacunae

108
Q

___________ are cartilage destroying cells.

A

Chondroclast

109
Q

Matrix of cartilage is called ________.

A

Chondrin

110
Q

Matrix of cartilage is composed of ____________.

A

Chondrotin 6 Sulphate & Mucopolysaccharide (Hyaluronic Acid)

111
Q

____________ is the only part of cartilage where blood supply is present.

A

Perichondrium

112
Q

What are the four types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
White Fibrous Cartilage
Calcified Cartilage

113
Q

What are the characteristics of matrix of Hyaline cartilage?

A

Matrix of this cartilage is bluish & translucent due to absence of fibres.

114
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found?

A

Nasal Septum
C-shaped rings of Trachea & Bronchi
Sternal part of Ribs (Coastal Cartilage)
Articular Cartilage (End of Long bone)

115
Q

Where is Elastic cartilage found?

A

Tip of Nose
Epiglottis
Ear Pinna & Eustachian Tube
Larynx & Cartilage of Santorini

116
Q

What are the characteristics of matrix of White Fibrous cartilage?

A

In matrix, bundles of collagen fibres are more in quantity.

117
Q

____________ is the strongest cartilage.

A

White Fibrous Cartilage

118
Q

____________ is the hardest cartilage.

A

Calcified Cartilage

119
Q

Where is White Fibrous cartilage found?

A 
Pubic Symphisis (Connects both Pelvic Halves)
Intervertebral Discs
120
Q

________ is the central part of Intervertebral Discs.

A

Nucleus Pulposus

121
Q

In calcified cartilage, calcium deposits are in the form of ____________.

A

Hydroxy apatite

122
Q

Where is calcified cartilage found?

A

Pubis of Frog’s Pelvic Girdle

Head of Femur & Humerus

123
Q

Study of bones is called _________.

A

Osteology

124
Q

The process of bone formation is called _________.

A

Ossification

125
Q

Outermost covering of bone is __________ composed of __________.

A

Periosteum, White Fibrous Sheath CT

126
Q

Bone producing cells are called ________ which divide to form _________.

A

Osteoblast, Osteocytes

127
Q

Bone destroying cells are called ________..

A

Osteoclasts

128
Q

What are the features of bones?

A
  1. It is highly vascular.
  2. It is mineralised.
  3. It is hard and rigid.
  4. It has a canalicular systems.
  5. It has a regenerating capacity.
129
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

(1) It is the main tissue that provide structural framework to the body.
(2) Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs.
(3) Limb bones, such as the long bones of the legs, serve weight bearing functions.
(4) They also interact with skeletal muscles attached to them, to bring about movements.
(5) The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood cells.

130
Q

What are the components of inorganic part of matrix?

A

Calcium Phosphate - 80%
Calcium Carbonate - 10%
Magnesium Phosphate - 10%
Fluorides - Very less qty

131
Q

What are Decalcified bones?

A

Decalicified Bones :- If a bone is kept in dilute HCl for 3 days then complete mineral part of the
matrix get dissolved in acid & organic part remain in the bone so bone becomes soft & flexible.

132
Q

What are dried bones (ash)?

A

If a bone is burnt or kept into very high temperature then complete organic part of bone is brunt and
mineral part of matrix remain as such in the form of ash called dried bone.

133
Q

What are the three parts of bone?

A

(i) Epiphysis
* Ends of long bone is called Epiphysis. This part is composed of spongy tissue.
* Cavity is present in the form of trabeculae filled with red bone marrow which is the site of production
of blood cells.

(ii) Diaphysis
* Middle part or shaft of long bone is diaphysis which is composed of compact bone.
* In this region hollow cavity is present called bone marrow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
composed of white fat and matrix contain Haversian systems.

(iii) Metaphysis
* It is a small part between epiphysis & Diaphysis.

134
Q

What is the function of Epiphyseal plate? Where is it found?

A

Epiphyseal Plate is found in the metaphysis region.

In this region epiphyseal plate is present which is made up of osteoblast cells. It is responsible for
elongation of bone.

After complete development of long bone this plate is destroyed.

135
Q

How is the internal strucutre of mammalian bone?

A

It has following major structures -

  1. Periosteum
  2. Matrix
  3. Endosteum
  4. Bone marrow cavity
136
Q

What are the characteristics of Periosteum?

A
  • It consists of two layers.
  • Outer layer consist of WFCT in which blood circulation is present.
  • Inner layer - consists of single layer of osteoblast cells, which divide to form osteocyte and secrete
    layers of matrix.
137
Q

What is the difference between Haversian & Volkmann’s Canal?

A

(i) HAVERSIAN CANAL

Longitudinal canals which are arranged parallel to long axis of bone. In these canals one or two blood capillaries and nerve fibres are present.

(ii) VOLKMANN’S CANAL

These are transverse/horizontal or oblique canals. Haversian canals are interconnected by volkmann’s canal.

138
Q

Matrix of bone is deposited in the form of layers called ________.

A

Lamellae

139
Q

What are the characteristics of different lamellae present in the bone?

A

(1) HAVERSIAN LAMELLAE

  • Concentric layers of matrix which are present around Haversian canal.
  • Between these lamellae layer of osteocyte cells are also present.

(2) INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE
* These layers of matrix are present in the space between two Haversian systems.
(3) CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE
* Peripheral layer of matrix present just below the periosteum and around the bone marrow cavity.

140
Q

_________ is a typical feature of mammalian bone.

A

Presence of Haversian System

141
Q

What is the osteon?

A

Haversian canal, Haversian lamellae & Osteocyte form Haversian system or Osteon.

142
Q

How are osteocytes interconnected?

A

Osteocyte are present in the lacuna. Each osteocyte is inter connected with adjacent osteocyte by their cytoplasmic process.

Cytoplasmic process of osteocyte are present in the minute canals of lacuna called as canaliculi

143
Q

What are the characteristics of Endosteum?

A

Endosteum consist of two layers -

  1. Towards bone marrow cavity layer lined with reticular fibrous connective tissue.
  2. Towards matrix of bone endosteum lined with layer of osteoblast cells. They divide to form osteocyte &
    synthesize matrix.
144
Q

Growth of bone is _________ while growth of cartilage is _________.

A

Bidirectional

Unidirectional

145
Q

What are the characteristics of Cartilaginous Bones? Where is it found?

A

These bones are formed by the ossification of cartilage.

Eg.Maximum bones of our
body like limb bones
(Fore limbs & Hind
limbs), Ribs

146
Q

What are the characteristics of Membranous Bones? Where is it found?

A

These bones are
formed by ossification
in the connective tissue
of dermis.

Eg. Pubis, Sternum,
Nasal Bone, Clavicle,
Scapula, Jaw bone &
flat bones of skull.

147
Q

What are the characteristics of Sesamoid Bones? Where is it found?

A 
These bones
are developed by
the ossification of
tendons at the
joints.

Eg
* Patella (knee
cap) - Largest
sesamoid bone.

  • Pisiform
    (wrist bone) of
    human
148
Q

What are the characteristics of Visceral Bones? Where is it found?

A

If ossification takes
place in the visceral
organs then visceral bones
are formed.

In humans these bones are absent.

149
Q

Which is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

Patella (Knee Cap)

Biology XI (5 decks)

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