7 Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissues) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a tissue?
A
In multicellular organisms, a group of similar cells along with intercellular substances perform a specific function. Such an organisation is called a tissue
2
Q
What are the four types of tissues found in animals?
A
Tissues are broadly classified into four types – Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscular Tissue and Neural Tissue
3
Q
Which part of the human body is made up of all four types of tissues?
A
Heart
4
Q
What is morphology?
A
Morphology refers to study of form or externally visible features.
5
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The word anatomy conventionally is used for the study of morphology of
internal organs in the animals.
6
Q
Who coined the term ‘Animal Tissue’?
A
Bichat
7
Q
Who coined the term ‘Plant Tissue’?
A
Grew
8
Q
What is study of tissue called?
A
Histology
9
Q
What is the detailed study of tissue called?
A
Microscopic Anatomy
10
Q
Who is the Father of Histology?
A
Bichat
11
Q
Who is the Father of Microscopic Anatomy?
A
Marcello Malpighi
12
Q
During embryonic development ________ tissue originates first.
A
Epithelium
13
Q
What is basement membrane of epithelium tissue composed of?
A
Glycoproteins, Mucopolysachharides & Protein Fibres
14
Q
What are the four types of cell junctions?
A
Tight Junctions, Adhering Junctions (Desmosomes), Gap Junctions & Interdigitations
15
Q
What are the characteristics of microvilli? What is its function?
A
Minute Process
Non-Motile
Non-Contractile
Function :-
Increase surface area for
absorption & secretion
16
Q
What are the characteristics of cilia? What is its function?
A
Long Cylindrical Process
Motile
Contractile
Function :- Helps in movement & locomotion It moves particles or mucous in specific direction over the epithelium. (Movement is in uniform direction)
17
Q
What is the other name of Cilia?
A
Kinocilia
18
Q
What are the characteristics of stereocilia? What is its function?
A
Conical Process
Non-Motile
Non-Contractile
Function :-
Increase surface area
19
Q
Where is microvilli present in the body?
A
Wall of intestine
Gall bladder
PCT of Nephron
20
Q
Where is kinocilia present in the body?
A
Inner surface of hollow
organs like bronchioles &
fallopian tube.
Uterus, Trachea
Ependymal epithelium (Inner lining of brain cavities (ventricles) & central canal of spinal cord) where it helps in cerebrospinal fluid conduction.
21
Q
Where is stereocilia present in the body?
A
Epididymis & Vas deferens
22
Q
Which tissue originated from all three primordial germinal layers?
A
Epithelial Tissue
23
Q
What is the difference between simple & compound epithelium?
A
Simple Epithelium -
Composed of single layer of cells
Functions as lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes
Compound Epithelium -
Consists of 2 or more cell layers
It has protective function as it does in our skin
24
Q
What are the four types of simple epithelium?
A
(1) Simple Squamous
(2) Simple Cuboidal
(3) Simple Columnar
(4) Pseudostratified
25
What are the four types of stratified epithelium?
Non Stretchable -
Stratified squamous
Stratified columnar
Stratified cuboidal
Stretchable (Transitional)
26
What are the characteristics of squamous epithelium? What are its functions?
The squamous epithelium is made of a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries
This epithelium is associated with filtration & diffusion
27
What are the other names for simple squamous epithelium?
Pavement Epithelium - Tile like appearance
Tessellated Epithelium - Wavy Appearance in Blood Vessel & Coelom
28
Which tissue is present in Alveoli of Lungs & Bowman's Capsule?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
29
What is mesothelium?
Covering of coelom (body cavity) is called as mesothelium
30
What is endothelium?
Inner lining of blood & lymph vessels is called endothelium
31
What is endocardium?
Innermost lining of the heart is called endocardium
32
Simple squamous epithelium is present in which parts of the body?
```
Outer surface of intestine.
Bowman's capsule (Podocyte)
Alveoli of lungs (Pneumocytes type-I) (air sacs of lungs)
Mesothelium .
Endothelium
Endocardium
Thin part of Loop of Henle
Peritoneum
```
33
The epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of nephron in the kidney has ________.
Microviili
34
What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion & Absorption
35
_____________ is found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of Nephrons.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
36
In which parts of the body is simple cuboidal epithelium present?
```
Follicle of Thyroid gland
Type II Pneumocytes of alveoli
Acini of Pancreas
Secretory unit of sweat glands
Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body of eye, epithelium of retina
DCT of nephron
Thick part of loop of Henle
```
37
___________ is also known as Germinal Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
38
___________ Cuboidal Epithelium is found in PCT of Nephron.
Brush-bordered
39
__________ cuboidal epithelium is present in collecting duct.
Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
40
___________ are found in the lining of stomach and intestine and help in
secretion and absorption.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
41
What are the functions of ciliated epithelium?
If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epithelium. Their function is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium
42
____________ is found in liver, bile ducts and uterus.
Simpe Columnar Epithelium
43
Brush bordered Columnar epithelium is present in which part of the body?
Gall Bladder
44
Which type of Simple columnar epithelium is present in GI Tract?
Glandular Columnar
45
Glandular Brush bordered columnar epithelium is found in which part of the body?
Small Intestine
46
What is the ependymal epithelium?
Inner Linings of Brain Ventricle - Conduction of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
47
Which type of Simple columnar epithelium is present in Epididymis & Vas deferens?
Sterio ciliated columnar epithelium
48
What are the characteristics of Pseudostratified Epithelium?
It is also a modification of columnar epithelium that contains long & short cells.
Nucleus in both cells are present on different level so it appears bilayered because few cells are too
short to reach the top surface but all cells are present on single basement membrane, so it is unilayered.
49
In which part of the body is Pseudostratified columnar ciliated glandular epithelium found?
Respiratory Epithelium of Nasal Chambers
Trachea
Bronchi
50
What are the main functions of compound epithelium?
Their main function is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical
stresses.
51
In which parts of the body is compound epithelium found?
Dry surface of the skin
Moist surface of buccal cavity
Pharynx
Inner lining of ducts of Salivary Glands and of Pancreatic Ducts
52
What is the other name for Transitional Epithelium?
Urothelium
53
What are the characteristics of Transitional Epithelium?
In this epithelium basement membrane becomes invisible during stretching.
In this epithelium 4-6 layers of cells are present.
Innermost layer of cell is composed of cube like cells.
Middle 2-4 layers are composed of pear shaped /Polyhedral cells.
Outermost 1 or 2 layers are of oval shaped cells.
These different shape of cells appears only in resting stage. When this tissue is stretched, all the cells
become flattened.
54
In transitional epithelium, cells are interconnected by _____________.
Interdigitations
55
Transitional Epithelium is present in which parts of the body?
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Proximal part of male urethra
56
What is Germinativum Layer?
In Stratified Squamous Epithelium, innermost layer of cells are of cuboidal or columnar shaped.
They divide to form cells of outer layer in the epithelium, so this layer is called as Germinativum layer.
57
In stratified squamous epithelium, cells are interconnected by _________.
Desmosomes
58
What are Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
If keratin protein is present, cells become non nucleated and dead.
Examples -Epidermis of skin & skin derivatives. Hair, Horn, Hooves, Scales, feathers
59
What are Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
If Keratin protein is absent. Cells are nucleated
and Living.
It lines the moist surface of buccal cavity, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Anal canal, vagina etc.
Cornea of eye, Conjunctiva of eye.
Inner lining of cheeks, lips, hard palate
60
____________________ is found in Secretory Duct of Sweat, Salivary, Mammary & Sebaceous Glands.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
61
Which type of tissue is found in Distal part of Male Urethra?
Non Ciliated Stratified Columnar Epithelium
62
What are the two types of Stratified Columnar Epithelium?
(1) Ciliated
Eg. Larynx, Buccopharyngeal cavity of Frog.
(2) Non ciliated
Eg. Distal part of male urethra, Epiglottis
63
______________ are the most abundant tissue in the body of complex animals.
Connective Tissue
64
What are the functions of connective tissues?
The functions of connective tissues are -
1. To connect structures.
2. To form packing around organs.
3. To form a supporting framework.
4. To combat foreign toxins.
5. To replace tissues which have been destroyed by injury
65
What are the types of connective tissues?
Loose CT - Areolar & Adipose
Dense CT - Regular & Irregular
Specialised - Skeletal & Fluid
66
Connective tissue is made up of which three main components?
Cells
Fibres
Matrix
67
What are the three types of structural protein fibres in connective tissues?
Collagen - Provide strength
Elastin FIbres - Provide elasticity
Reticulin - Provide flexibility
68
Connective tissue are ______________ in origin.
Mesodermal
69
What are the characteristics of fibroblasts?
Largest cells of connective tissue proper
Maximum in number
Irregular in shape due to long cytoplasmic processes
Cytoplasm is rich in rough ER
Primary function is to produce protein fibres
Secrete matrix of connective tissue (Chief matrix producing cells)
70
What are the characteristics of Macrophages?
2 largest in size nd
2 maximum in number
Amoeboid cells, kidney shaped nucleus
Cytoplasm is agranular but appears to be granular due to more number of lysosomes
Phagocytic in nature
Destroy bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis
Also called scavengers of connective tissue because they destroy dead or damaged cells to clean connective tissues
Also called histeocytes
71
What are the characteristics of mesenchyme cells?
Small sized pluripotent cells of connective tissue proper
72
Who called connective tissue mesenchyme?
O. Hartwig
73
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?
Centrally located large nucleus and cytoplasm is peripheral
Key cells of immune system and involved in production of antibodies
74
What are the characteristics of plasma cells?
Small amoeboid cells
In these cells rounded nucleus is present in which
chromatin material is arranged like spokes (cartwheel cells)
Also called clones of lymphocytes as these are formed
by division of lymphocytes
Produce and transport antibodies
75
What are the differences between monolocular and multilocular adipocytes?
1) Monolocular Cells -
Single large, central fat globule is present
Cytoplasm and nucleus becomes peripheral
Form white fat
2) Multilocular Cells -
Many, small, fat granules distributed in cytoplasm around nucleus
Cytoplasm is more
Form Brown fat
76
What are the characteristics of mast cells?
Small and amoeboid cells with S-shaped nucleus
Secrete-histamine, serotonin (5-HT), heparin and matrix of connective tissue proper
77
What are the functions of the following fluids -
1) Heparin
2) Histamine
3) Serotonin
Heparin - Anticoagulant
Histamine - Vasodilator
Serotonin - Vasoconstrictor
78
What are the characteristics of collagen fibres?
Also known as white fibres
Made up of collagen protein (most abundant
protein in animal kingdom)
Wavy, inelastic, tough fibres arranged in
the form of bundles (fascia)
On boiling they yield gelatine
79
Which is the most abundant protein in animal kingdom?
Collagen Protein
80
What are the characteristics of elastic fibres?
Also known as yellow fibres
```
Composed of elastin proteins
Branched but arranged singly
Maximum elasticity is present, Highly resistant to chemicals
```
81
What are the characteristics of reticular fibres?
Also called fibres as they can be stained
with silver salts
arzyrophil
Composed of reticulin protein
Highly branched fibres which always form dense network
Delicate fibres, Elasticity is completely absent
Mainly found in lymphoid organs such as spleen, lymph nodes etc.
82
Loose Connective tissues have ______ matrix and _____ fibres. (more/less)
More Matrix
| Less Fibres
83
Which tissue is also known as spongy tissue?
Areolar CT
84
What are areolae?
Due to irregular arrangement of bundle of collagen fibres many gaps are present. These gaps are called Areolae.
85
What are the components of areolae?
In areolae other components of connective tissue. Like fibres, cells & matrix are distributed.
Few elastic fibres are present
It contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres), macrophages and mast cells
86
What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
Function :- It serves as a support framework for epithelium.
87
What are the examples of areolar connective tissue?
```
Tela Subcutanea
Sub mucosa of Trachea, Bronchi, Intestine, Oesophagus & Stomach
Endomysium (Single Muscle Fibre)
Perimysium (Bundle of Muscle Fibre)
Endoneurium (Single Nerve Fibre)
Around Blood Vessels
```
88
What is Tela Subcutanea?
Tela Subcutanea:- A thin continuous layer which connect skin with underlying skeletal muscles
(Panniculus carnosus)
89
What are the characteristics of adipose connective tissue?
Adipose tissue is another type of loose connective tissue located mainly beneath the skin.
It contains adipocytes / fat cells abundantly.
90
What is the difference between white & brown fat?
White Fat -
1) Monolocular Adipocytes
2) Less cytoplasm, less mitochondria
3) Less energy
Brown Fat -
1) Multilocular Adipocytes
2) More cytoplasm, more mitochondria
3) 20 times more energy
91
What are the examples of white fat connective tissue?
Panniculus adiposus :- A thin continuous layer of white fat under the dermis of skin which is also called
hypodermis of skin
Yellow bone marrow
Fat bodies of frog
Blubber of whale
Hump of camel
It is also found around delicate organ like eyeball, kidney etc. as a shock absorber
92
What are the examples of brown fat connective tissue?
Cold resistance device in newborn baby is due to presence of brown fat.
Hibernating Rodents like rat, shrew.
93
What are the characteristics of dense fibrous connective tissue?
It contains more fibres and less matrix.
* Fibres and fibroblast cells are compactly packed in dense connective tissue.
* Orientation of fibres show a regular or irregular pattern and are called dense regular and dense irregular tissue.
94
What are the other names for dense regular & irregular tissue?
Dense Regular - Cord
| Dense Irregular - Sheath
95
What are the differences between white fibrous connective tissue & yellow fibrous connective tissue?
White Fibrous CT -
1) More white fibre
2) Yellow fibre absent
Yellow Fibrous CT -
1) More yellow fibre
2) Less white fibre
96
What are the examples of White Fibrous Cord CT?
Tendon - Muscle to Bone Connection
97
What are the examples of White Fibrous Sheath CT?
(A) Outer Covering of Organs -
1) Pericardium - Covering of heart.
2)Periosteum - Outer covering of bone.
3) Perichondrium - Outer covering of cartilage.
4) Epimysium - Covering of muscle.
5) Renal capsule - Around kidney.
6) Tunica albuginea - Covering of testis.
7) Duramater - Outermost covering of brain.
8 Glisson's capsule - Around liver lobules.
(B) Cornea of eye
(C) Tunica adventia of Trachea, Bronchi, Oesophagus
98
What are the examples of Yellow Fibrous Cord CT?
Ligaments (Bones to Bones)
99
What are the examples of Yellow Fibrous Sheath CT?
Wall of alveoli of lungs
Wall of small bronchioles
Wall of lymph vessels & blood vessels
True vocal cords
100
What are the other names for Reticular Fibrous CT?
Lymphoid Tissue
101
What are the characteristics of Reticular Fibrous CT?
Matrix of this tissue is like lymph.
Reticular fibres are more in amount & form dense network around reticular cells.
Lymphocytes are also more in number.
102
What are the functions of Reticular Fibrous CT?
Provide support and strength and form the stroma (Frame work) of soft organs
103
What are the examples of Reticular Fibrous CT?
Spleen
Lymph nodes (Tonsils, Payer's Patches).
Endosteum (covering of bone marrow cavity)
104
____________ is the outermost covering of cartilage. It is composed of _________.
Perichondrium, White Fibrous CT
105
_____________ are cartilage producing cells.
Chondroblasts
106
Chondroblasts divide to form _________.
Chondrocytes
107
Chondrocytes are found in small cavities called ________.
Lacunae
108
___________ are cartilage destroying cells.
Chondroclast
109
Matrix of cartilage is called ________.
Chondrin
110
Matrix of cartilage is composed of ____________.
Chondrotin 6 Sulphate & Mucopolysaccharide (Hyaluronic Acid)
111
____________ is the only part of cartilage where blood supply is present.
Perichondrium
112
What are the four types of cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
White Fibrous Cartilage
Calcified Cartilage
113
What are the characteristics of matrix of Hyaline cartilage?
Matrix of this cartilage is bluish & translucent due to absence of fibres.
114
Where is Hyaline cartilage found?
Nasal Septum
C-shaped rings of Trachea & Bronchi
Sternal part of Ribs (Coastal Cartilage)
Articular Cartilage (End of Long bone)
115
Where is Elastic cartilage found?
Tip of Nose
Epiglottis
Ear Pinna & Eustachian Tube
Larynx & Cartilage of Santorini
116
What are the characteristics of matrix of White Fibrous cartilage?
In matrix, bundles of collagen fibres are more in quantity.
117
____________ is the strongest cartilage.
White Fibrous Cartilage
118
____________ is the hardest cartilage.
Calcified Cartilage
119
Where is White Fibrous cartilage found?
```
Pubic Symphisis (Connects both Pelvic Halves)
Intervertebral Discs
```
120
________ is the central part of Intervertebral Discs.
Nucleus Pulposus
121
In calcified cartilage, calcium deposits are in the form of ____________.
Hydroxy apatite
122
Where is calcified cartilage found?
Pubis of Frog's Pelvic Girdle
| Head of Femur & Humerus
123
Study of bones is called _________.
Osteology
124
The process of bone formation is called _________.
Ossification
125
Outermost covering of bone is __________ composed of __________.
Periosteum, White Fibrous Sheath CT
126
Bone producing cells are called ________ which divide to form _________.
Osteoblast, Osteocytes
127
Bone destroying cells are called ________..
Osteoclasts
128
What are the features of bones?
1. It is highly vascular.
2. It is mineralised.
3. It is hard and rigid.
4. It has a canalicular systems.
5. It has a regenerating capacity.
129
What are the functions of bones?
(1) It is the main tissue that provide structural framework to the body.
(2) Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs.
(3) Limb bones, such as the long bones of the legs, serve weight bearing functions.
(4) They also interact with skeletal muscles attached to them, to bring about movements.
(5) The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood cells.
130
What are the components of inorganic part of matrix?
Calcium Phosphate - 80%
Calcium Carbonate - 10%
Magnesium Phosphate - 10%
Fluorides - Very less qty
131
What are Decalcified bones?
Decalicified Bones :- If a bone is kept in dilute HCl for 3 days then complete mineral part of the
matrix get dissolved in acid & organic part remain in the bone so bone becomes soft & flexible.
132
What are dried bones (ash)?
If a bone is burnt or kept into very high temperature then complete organic part of bone is brunt and
mineral part of matrix remain as such in the form of ash called dried bone.
133
What are the three parts of bone?
(i) Epiphysis
* Ends of long bone is called Epiphysis. This part is composed of spongy tissue.
* Cavity is present in the form of trabeculae filled with red bone marrow which is the site of production
of blood cells.
(ii) Diaphysis
* Middle part or shaft of long bone is diaphysis which is composed of compact bone.
* In this region hollow cavity is present called bone marrow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
composed of white fat and matrix contain Haversian systems.
(iii) Metaphysis
* It is a small part between epiphysis & Diaphysis.
134
What is the function of Epiphyseal plate? Where is it found?
Epiphyseal Plate is found in the metaphysis region.
In this region epiphyseal plate is present which is made up of osteoblast cells. It is responsible for
elongation of bone.
After complete development of long bone this plate is destroyed.
135
How is the internal strucutre of mammalian bone?
It has following major structures -
1. Periosteum
2. Matrix
3. Endosteum
4. Bone marrow cavity
136
What are the characteristics of Periosteum?
* It consists of two layers.
* Outer layer consist of WFCT in which blood circulation is present.
* Inner layer - consists of single layer of osteoblast cells, which divide to form osteocyte and secrete
layers of matrix.
137
What is the difference between Haversian & Volkmann's Canal?
(i) HAVERSIAN CANAL
Longitudinal canals which are arranged parallel to long axis of bone. In these canals one or two blood capillaries and nerve fibres are present.
(ii) VOLKMANN'S CANAL
These are transverse/horizontal or oblique canals. Haversian canals are interconnected by volkmann's canal.
138
Matrix of bone is deposited in the form of layers called ________.
Lamellae
139
What are the characteristics of different lamellae present in the bone?
(1) HAVERSIAN LAMELLAE
* Concentric layers of matrix which are present around Haversian canal.
* Between these lamellae layer of osteocyte cells are also present.
(2) INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE
* These layers of matrix are present in the space between two Haversian systems.
(3) CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE
* Peripheral layer of matrix present just below the periosteum and around the bone marrow cavity.
140
_________ is a typical feature of mammalian bone.
Presence of Haversian System
141
What is the osteon?
Haversian canal, Haversian lamellae & Osteocyte form Haversian system or Osteon.
142
How are osteocytes interconnected?
Osteocyte are present in the lacuna. Each osteocyte is inter connected with adjacent osteocyte by their cytoplasmic process.
Cytoplasmic process of osteocyte are present in the minute canals of lacuna called as canaliculi
143
What are the characteristics of Endosteum?
Endosteum consist of two layers -
1. Towards bone marrow cavity layer lined with reticular fibrous connective tissue.
2. Towards matrix of bone endosteum lined with layer of osteoblast cells. They divide to form osteocyte &
synthesize matrix.
144
Growth of bone is _________ while growth of cartilage is _________.
Bidirectional
| Unidirectional
145
What are the characteristics of Cartilaginous Bones? Where is it found?
These bones are formed by the ossification of cartilage.
Eg.Maximum bones of our
body like limb bones
(Fore limbs & Hind
limbs), Ribs
146
What are the characteristics of Membranous Bones? Where is it found?
These bones are
formed by ossification
in the connective tissue
of dermis.
Eg. Pubis, Sternum,
Nasal Bone, Clavicle,
Scapula, Jaw bone &
flat bones of skull.
147
What are the characteristics of Sesamoid Bones? Where is it found?
```
These bones
are developed by
the ossification of
tendons at the
joints.
```
Eg
* Patella (knee
cap) - Largest
sesamoid bone.
* Pisiform
(wrist bone) of
human
148
What are the characteristics of Visceral Bones? Where is it found?
If ossification takes
place in the visceral
organs then visceral bones
are formed.
In humans these bones are absent.
149
Which is the largest sesamoid bone?
Patella (Knee Cap)
