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Biology XI > 16 Digestion & Absorption > Flashcards

16 Digestion & Absorption Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major components of food?

A

The major components of food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Food provides energy and organic material for growth and repair of tissues

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

• The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable form is called digestion. This process is carried out by our digestive system by physical and chemical methods

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3
Q

What is thecodont?

A

The oral cavity has a number of teeth. Each tooth is embedded into a socket of jaw bone. This type of attachment is called thecodont

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4
Q

What is heterodont dentition?

A

• An adult human has 32 permanent teeth which are of four different types – incisors (I), canine (C), premolars (PM) and molars (M). This type of arrangement is called heterodont dentition

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5
Q

What is diphyodont dentition?

A

Majority of mammals including humans form two sets of teeth during their life; one, a set of temporary milk or deciduous teeth which are later replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. This type of dentition is called diphyodont

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6
Q

What is the dental formula for adult humans?

A

2123/2123

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7
Q

What is the dental formula for children?

A

2102/2102

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8
Q

The tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the _______________.

A

The tongue is a freely movable muscular organ attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the lingual frenulum

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9
Q

What is the role of epiglottis?

A

• A cartilaginous flap called epiglottis prevents the entry of food into the glottis – opening of the wind pipe, during swallowing

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10
Q

Which sphincter regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach?

A

A muscular sphincter (gastro-oesophageal) regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach. The stomach is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity

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11
Q

What are the four parts of the stomach?

A

• It has four parts – a cardiac portion into which the oesophagus opens, a fundic region, body and a pyloric portion which opens into the small intestine

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is divided into three regions – a ‘C’ shaped duodenum, a long coiled middle portion jejunum and a highly coiled ileum

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13
Q

Which sphincter guards the opening of the stomach into the small intestine?

A

• The opening of the stomach into the duodenum is guarded by the pyloric sphincter

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14
Q

Which part of the small intestine opens into the large intestine?

A

• Ileum opens into the large intestine

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine consists of three parts – caecum, colon and rectum

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16
Q

The ______________ arises from the caecum. (vestigial organ)

A

Vermiform Appendix

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17
Q

What is the role of caecum?

A

• The caecum is a small sac which hosts some symbiotic microorganisms

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18
Q

What are the four parts of colon?

A

• The colon is divided into four parts – an ascending, a transverse, descending and a sigmoid colon. The descending part opens into the rectum

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19
Q

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

A

The wall of the alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum possesses four layers – serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa and mucosa

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20
Q

___________ is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal and is made up of ________________ with some connective tissues.

A

• Serosa is the outermost layer and is made up of a thin mesothelium (epithelium of visceral organs) with some connective tissues.

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21
Q

Muscularis has _____________ and ___________ layer.

A

• Muscularis is formed by smooth muscles usually arranged into an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer

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22
Q

The sub-mucosal layer is formed of ____________, ____________ and __________.

A

The sub-mucosal layer is formed of loose connective tissues containing nerves, blood and lymph vessels. In duodenum, glands are also present in sub-mucosa

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23
Q

____________ is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal.

A

Lumen

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24
Q

___________ are irregular folds present in the stomach.

A

Rugae

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25
Q

The cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called __________ giving a brush border appearance. These modifications increase the ____________________.

A

• The cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called microvilli giving a brush border appearance. These modifications increase the surface area enormously.

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26
Q

Villi are supplied with a network of capillaries and a large lymph vessel called ________.

A

Lacteal

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27
Q

The goblet cells secrete ___________.

A

Mucus

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28
Q

Mucosa forms ___________________ in between the bases of villi in the intestine.

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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29
Q

Which glands are associated with the digestive system?

A

• The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal include the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas

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30
Q

_____________, _____________ and _____________ are the three pairs of salivary glands.

A

Saliva is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands – the parotids (cheek), the sub-mandibular (lower jaw) and the sub-linguals (below the tongue)

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31
Q

__________ is the largest gland of the body.

A

Liver is the largest gland of the body (1.2kg – 1.5kg). It is situated below the diaphragm and has two lobes

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32
Q

The ______________ are the structural and functional units of liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords

A

The hepatic lobules are the structural and functional units of liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords

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33
Q

Each lobule of the Liver is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the ___________________.

A

Glisson’s Capsule

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34
Q

What are the functions of Gall Bladder?

A

• The bile secreted by the hepatic cells passes through the hepatic ducts and is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder

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35
Q

Duct of Gall Bladder is also known as ___________.

A

Cystic Duct

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36
Q

The duct of gall bladder along with the hepatic duct of liver forms the ______________.

A

Common Bile Duct

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37
Q

The bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together into the duodenum as the _________________.

A

Hepato-pancreatic duct

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38
Q

The hepato pancreatic duct is guarded by the ____________.

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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39
Q

The exocrine part of the pancreas secretes ______________.

A

Alkaline Pancreatic Juice

40
Q

The endocrine part of the pancreas secretes ___________.

A

Hormones, Insulin & Glucagon

41
Q

What is the other name for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

42
Q

The bolus further passes down through the oesophagus by waves of muscular contractions called ____________.

A

The bolus further passes down through the oesophagus by waves of muscular contractions called peristalsis

43
Q

The saliva contains _____________ and _____________.

A

• The saliva contains electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) and enzymes – salivary amylase and lysozyme

44
Q

What is the ideal pH of salivary amylase?

A

pH 6.8

45
Q

___________ acts as an antibacterial agent that helps in prevention of infections

A

• Lysozyme acts as an antibacterial agent that helps in prevention of infections

46
Q

____________, ____________ and ____________ are three major types of cells present in the gastic glands.

A

Mucus (neck), Peptic (chief) and Parietal (oxyntic)

47
Q

What is the role of mucus (neck) cells?

A

Mucus (Neck Cells) – Secrete mucus

48
Q

What is the role of peptic (chief) cells?

A

Peptic (Chief Cells) – Secrete pepsinogen

49
Q

What is the role of parietal (oxyntic) cells?

A

Parietal (Oxyntic Cells) – Secrete HCl and Intrinsic Factor (Absorption of Vitamin B12)

50
Q

The food in the stomach is called ___________.

A

Chyme

51
Q

Pepsin converts proteins into ________ and __________.

A

Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides).

52
Q

What is the ideal pH for pepsin to work?

A

pH 1.8

53
Q

________ is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins

A

• Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins

54
Q

What are the enzymes present in the pancreatic duct?

A

The pancreatic juice contains inactive enzymes – trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, amylases, lipases and nucleases

55
Q

Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme called __________, secreted by the intestinal mucosa into trypsin, which in turn activates other enzymes in the pancreatic juice

A

Enterokinase

56
Q

What are contents of bile?

A

The bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but no enzymes. It helps in the emulsification of fats into very small micelles. It also activates lipases

57
Q

The intestinal juice is also known as ____________.

A

Succus entericus

58
Q

What are the contents of the intestinal juice?

A

• The succus entericus contains a variety of enzymes like disaccharidases (maltase), dipeptidases, lipases, nucleosidases, etc

59
Q

Sub-mucosal glands are also called as ____________.

A

Brunner’s Glands

60
Q

Proteins, proteoses and peptones in the chyme reaching the intestine are acted upon by the proteolytic enzymes of ___________ and converts these into __________.

A

1) Pancreatic Juice

2) Dipeptides

61
Q

Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by _______ into ____________.

A

• Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by pancreatic amylase into disaccharides

62
Q

Fats are broken down by lipases with the help of ______ into ______________ and _________.

A

• Fats are broken down by lipases with the help of bile into diglycerides and monoglycerides

63
Q

Nucleases in the ________ acts on nucleic acids to form ___________ and _________.

A

• Nucleases in the pancreatic juice acts on nucleic acids to form nucleotides and nucleosides

64
Q

The breakdown of biomacromolecules occurs in the ________ region of the small intestine. The simple substances are absorbed in the ________ and _______.

A

• The breakdown of Biomacromolecules occurs in the duodenum region of the small intestine. The simple substances are absorbed in the jejunum and ileum

65
Q

What are the functions of the Large Intestine?

A

• Functions of Large Intestine –

1) Absorption of water, minerals and certain drugs
2) Secretion of mucus which helps in adhering the waste particles together and lubricating it for easy disposal

66
Q

_____________ prevents the backflow of faecal matter.

A

Ileocecal valve

67
Q

The muscular activities of different parts of the alimentary canal can also be moderated by _________.

A

• The muscular activities of different parts of the alimentary canal can also be moderated by neural mechanisms

68
Q

Small amounts of monosaccharide like glucose, amino acids and some electrolytes like chloride ions are generally absorbed by _________.

A

Simple diffusion

69
Q

Some substances like glucose and amino acids are absorbed with the help of carrier proteins. This mechanism is called the ____________.

A

Facilitated Transport Mechanism

70
Q

Transport of water depends upon the ________.

A

osmotic gradient

71
Q

___________ occurs against the concentration gradient and requires energy. Various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharide like glucose; electrolytes are absorbed into the blood by this mechanism

A

Active transport

72
Q

How are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed?

A
  • Fatty acids and glycerol being insoluble cannot be absorbed into the blood. They are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles which move into the intestinal mucosa.
  • They are reformed into very small protein coated fat globules called the chylomicrons which are transported into the lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi. These lymph vessels ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream
73
Q

Small protein coated fat globules are called ___________.

A

Chylomicrons

74
Q

What is assimilation?

A

• The absorbed substances reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities. This process is called assimilation

75
Q

The digestive wastes solidified into coherent faeces in the rectum initiate a ___________ causing an urge for its removal

A

Neural reflux

76
Q

What are the symptoms of jaundice?

A

The liver is affected; skin and eyes turn yellow due to the deposit of bile pigments

77
Q

How is vomiting described?

A

It is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth. This reflex action is controlled by the vomit centre in the medulla. A feeling of nausea precedes vomiting

78
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the faecal discharge is called diarrhoea. It reduces the absorption of food

79
Q

What is constipation?

A

The faeces are retained within the colon as the bowel movement occurs irregularly

80
Q

What are the causes of indigestion?

A

The food is not digested properly leading to a feeling of fullness. The causes of indigestion are anxiety, inadequate enzyme secretion, food poisoning, over eating, etc

81
Q

What are the causes of marasmus?

A

It is produced by a simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories. It is found in infants less than 1 yr, if mother’s milk is replaced too early by other foods

82
Q

What are symptoms of marasmus?

A

Protein deficiency impairs growth and replacement of tissue proteins; extreme emaciation of the body and thinning of limbs. Growth rate of brain and body weight decline considerably

83
Q

What are the causes of kwashiorkor?

A

It is produced by protein deficiency unaccompanied by calorie deficiency. It results from the replacement of mother’s milk by a low protein diet in children more than 1 yr in age

84
Q

What are symptoms of kwashiorkor?

A

It shows wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of growth and brain development. Unlike Marasmus, some fat is still left under the skin but extensive oedema and swelling of body are seen

85
Q

What are the three parts of the tooth?

A

Crown, Neck and Root

86
Q

___________ is infected gums and tooth socket.

A

Pyorrhoea

87
Q

What are the four chambers of stomach of ruminants?

A

Large Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum and Abomasum

88
Q

Infection of appendix is called ___________ and rupture of appendix is called ___________.

A

Appendicitis

Peritonitis

89
Q

_____________ is the characteristic feature of mammalian liver.

A

Glisson’s capsule

90
Q

____________ cells of Liver act as phagocytes which eat up dead cells and bacteria.

A

Kupffer’s Cells

91
Q

What is the ideal pH of intestinal juice?

A

pH 7.8

92
Q

Which hormones control the hormonal secretion of digestion?

A

Gastrin, Enterogastrone, Cholecystokinin and Secretin

93
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the Liver resulting in liver cell damage and destruction

94
Q

Where are the Brunner’s glands?

A

Duodenum

95
Q

During absorption of carbohydrates, the most rapidly transported monosaccharide is ______________.

A

Galactose

Biology XI (5 decks)

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