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RT 200 > 7. Radiology as an Imaging Science > Flashcards

7. Radiology as an Imaging Science Flashcards

1
Q

Emission and propagation of energy through space or through a material in the form of waves.

A

Radiation

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2
Q

Classification of Radiation

A
  • Ionizing Radiation

- Non-ionizing Radiation

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3
Q

The process of removing an electron from atom.

A

Ionization

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4
Q

Types of Ionizing Radiation

A
  • Electromagnetic Radiation

- Particulate Radiation

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5
Q

The transport of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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6
Q

The magnetic disturbance propagated in space in combination of electric and magnetic fields.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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7
Q

Travels within the speed of light (c)

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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8
Q

The range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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9
Q

A kind of radiation which consists of minute bits of matter travelling in space with sufficient kinetic energy.

A

Particulate Radiation

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10
Q

Types of Particulate Radiation

A
  • Alpha Particles

- Beta Particles

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11
Q

Helium nuclei

A

Alpha Particles

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12
Q

Emitted from heavy elements

A

Alpha Particles

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13
Q

Travels approximately 1/20 the speed of light

A

Alpha Particles

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14
Q

8000 times heavier that electron

A

Alpha Particles

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15
Q

Penetrating power or range is limited

A

Alpha Particles

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16
Q

Average kinetic energy is 4 to 7 MeV

A

Alpha Particles

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17
Q

Ionization rate is 40,000 atoms/cm of air travelled

A

Alpha Particles

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18
Q

1 unit of negative charge

A

Beta Particles

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19
Q

Ionization rate is several hundred ion pairs per centimeter

A

Beta Particles

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20
Q

Travels almost the speed of light

A

Beta Particles

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21
Q

Sources of Ionizing Radiation

A
  • Natural or Environmental (background)

- Man-Made (artificial)

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22
Q

Exposure to radiation originating from any source

A

Irradiation

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23
Q

Types of irradiation

A
  • External irradiation

- Internal irradiation

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24
Q

Undesired presence of radioactive materials on any substance in concentration greater than those which occur naturally so as to cause a technical inconvenience or a radiation hazard caused by spillage or breakage.

A

Contamination

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25
Q

Modes of Human Exposure to Radiation

A

Contamination, Irradiation

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26
Q

Classification of Human Exposure

A
  • Background radiation exposure
  • Medical exposure
  • Occupational exposure
  • Exposure of the members of the general public
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27
Q

Properties of X-radiation

A
  • X-ray photons cannot be focused by a lens
  • X-rays travel in straight lines and diverge from the point of origin
  • X-rays cannot be deflected by mirrors or other devices.
  • X-rays travel at the speed of light
  • X-rays are heterogeneous and polyenergetic.
  • X-rays can ionize gas.
  • X-rays can cause changes in the sensitive emulsion of the photographic film.
  • When x-rays strike certain substances, visible light is emitted.
  • When x-rays interact with matter, secondary radiation and scatter radiation are produced.
  • X-rays can cause biological changes.
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28
Q

A device that converts electrical energy into electromagnetic energy

A

X-ray Machine

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29
Q

3 basic parts of X-ray machine

A
  • High voltage generator
  • Operating console/ Control Panel
  • X-ray tube
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30
Q

Provide electrical power to the x-ray tube.

A

High Voltage Generator

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31
Q

Allows the Radiographer or Radiologic Technologist to adjust the factors needed to produce x-rays.

A

Operating Console/ Control Panel

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32
Q

Refers to the total number of x-ray photons in a beam.

A

Beam Quantity

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33
Q

Controlled by mAs.

A

Beam Quantity

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34
Q

Affected by mAs, kVp, distance, filtration

A

Beam Quantity

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35
Q

Refers to the penetrating power of the x-ray beam.

A

Beam Quality

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36
Q

Controlled by kVp.

A

Beam Quality

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37
Q

Hard beams and soft beams.

A

Beam Quality

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38
Q

Affected by kVp and filtation.

A

Beam Quality

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39
Q

A device for generating x-rays by accelerating electrons to a high energy by an electrostatic field and making them strike a metal target either in a tube containing a low-pressure gas or, as in modern tubes, in a high vacuum x-ray tube.

A

X-ray Tube

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40
Q

2 Main Parts of the X-ray Tube

A
  • Cathode (negative side)

- Anode (positive side)

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41
Q

Cathode (negative side) parts

A
  • Filament

- Focusing Cup

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42
Q

Anode (positive side) parts

A
  • Target
  • Rotor
  • Stator
43
Q

The process of releasing electrons through the use of heat.

A

Thermionic Emission

44
Q

A device that detects radiation in order to form an image.

A

Image – Receptor

45
Q

Records the image based on the pattern of transmitted x-rays and light produced

A

X-ray Film

46
Q

Rigid, light-tight container that holds the screens and film in close contact.

A

Cassette

47
Q

Cassette sizes

A
  • 8x10 inches (20x25 cm)
  • 10x12 inches
  • 11x14 inches
  • 14x14 inches
  • 14x17 inches (35x43 cm)
48
Q

Digital Radiography

A
  • Computed Radiography (CR)

- Direct Digital Radiogaphy (DR)

49
Q

Photostimulable phoshor

A

Computed Radiography (CR)

50
Q

Flat panel detector that contains an electronic array

A

Direct Digital Radiogaphy (DR)

51
Q

Charged-coupled devices (CCD)

A

Direct Digital Radiogaphy (DR)

52
Q

Used in electronic process to convert light to a digital signal

A

Direct Digital Radiogaphy (DR)

53
Q

Film Construction parts

A
  • Outside layer
  • Emulsion layer
  • Base
54
Q

supercoat

A

Outside layer

55
Q
  • the heart of the film
  • 3 to 5 micron
  • Silver Halide Crystals
A

Emulsion layer

56
Q
  • Foundation of the radiographic film
  • 150 to 300 micrometer
  • polyester
A

Base

57
Q

Resistant to warping from age

A

Polyester

58
Q

Stronger than cellulose triacetate

A

Polyester

59
Q

Easier transport through automatic processors

A

Polyester

60
Q

Dimensional stability is superior

A

Polyester

61
Q

Thinner than triacetate bases but are just as strong

A

Polyester

62
Q

Blue tint dye is added

A

Polyester

63
Q

Maintains its size and shape during use and processing so that it does not contribute to image distortion.

A

Dimensional Stability

64
Q

History of Radiographic Film Base

A
  • Glass Plate
  • Cellulose Nitrate
  • Cellulose triacetate
  • Polyester
  • Dimensional Stability
65
Q

Film Storage and Handling

-Storage

A

-Temperature no greater than 68 to 70 degrees F.
-Humidity from 40% to 60%.
-Protected from the following:
Radiation, Fumes, Outdating, Light

66
Q

Unwanted densities found in the radiograph.

A

Artifacts

67
Q

Different Types of Film

A
  • Nonscreen film
  • Copy film or duplicating film
  • Film badge
  • Dental film
  • Bite-wing film
  • Spot film
68
Q

Amplify the film blackening effect on the film of an x-ray exposure by the conversion of x-ray photons to light photons to which the film emulsion is sensitive.

A

Intensifying Screen

69
Q

The emission of light by a substance when excited by any form of energy.

A

Luminescence

70
Q

The emission of light which ceases within 10-8 seconds of the removal of the luminescent energy source.

A

Fluorescence

71
Q

The emission of light which continues on or is delayed after the removal of the luminescent energy source.

A

Phosphorescence

72
Q

Intensifying Screen Structures

-Supercoat

A

5-10 microns

73
Q

Intensifying Screen Structures

-Phosphor layer

A

100-200 micron

74
Q

Intensifying Screen Structures

-Phosphor layer

A
  • Calcium Tungstate
  • Silver Zinc Sulphide
  • Barium Lead Sulfate
  • Rare Earth phosphors
75
Q

Intensifying Screen Structures

  • Phosphor layer
  • Rare Earth phosphors
A
  • elements with atomic number from 57 to 71

- Gadolinium (GD) (Z=64), Yttrium (Y)(Z=39), and Lanthanum (La)(Z = 57)

76
Q

Intensifying Screen Structures

-Substratum layer

A

10-20 micron

77
Q

Intensifying Screen Structures

-Substratum layer

A
  • Reflective layer

- Absorptive layer

78
Q

Intensifying Screen Structures

-Base layer

A

200-400 micron

79
Q

Contains only the imaging plate (IP)

A

Computed Radiography Image Receptor (Cassette-Based System)

80
Q

Key element is phosphor layer

A

Computed Radiography Image Receptor (Cassette-Based System)

81
Q

Barium fluorohalide crystals coated with europium

A

Phosphor layer

82
Q

Uses a flat panel direct capture detector array that absorbs radiation and converts the energy into electrical signals.

A

Direct Digital Radiography Image Receptor (Cassetteless System)

83
Q

is defined by the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) as “The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this”.

A

Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection

84
Q

Radiation Agencies

A
  • IAEA
  • ICRP
  • ICRU
85
Q

IAEA

A

International Atomic Energy Agency

86
Q

ICRP

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection

87
Q

ICRU

A

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

88
Q

where radiological protection can be planned in advance, before exposures occur, and where the magnitude and extent of the exposures can be reasonably predicted.

A

Planned exposure

89
Q

unexpected situations that may require urgent protective actions

A

Emergency exposure

90
Q

being those that already exist when a decision on control has to be taken

A

Existing exposure

91
Q

Exposure Situation

A
  • Planned exposure
  • Emergency exposure
  • Existing exposure
92
Q

No unnecessary use of radiation is permitted, which means that the advantages must outweigh the disadvantages.

A

Justification

93
Q

Each individual must be protected against risks that are too great, through the application of
individual radiation dose limits.

A

Limitation

94
Q

It means “the likelihood of incurring exposures, the number of people exposed, and the magnitude of their individual doses” should all be kept as Low As Reasonably Achievable

A

Optimization

95
Q

This process is intended for application to those situations that have been deemed to be justified.

A

Optimization

96
Q

It takes into account economic and societal factors.

A

Optimization

97
Q

known as ALARA or ALARP

A

as Low As Reasonably Achievable

98
Q

Reducing the time of an exposure reduces the effective dose proportionally.

A

Time

99
Q

An example of reducing radiation doses by reducing the time of exposures might be improving operator training to reduce the time they take to handle a radioactive source.

A

Time

100
Q

Increasing distance reduces dose due to the inverse square law. It can be as simple
as handling a source with forceps rather than fingers.

A

Distance

101
Q

Sources of radiation can be shielded with solid or liquid material, which absorbs the energy
of the radiation.

A

Shielding

102
Q

used for absorbing material placed around a nuclear reactor, or other source of radiation, to reduce the radiation to a level safe for humans.

A

Biological Shield

103
Q

Three Cardinal Principles in Radiation Protection

A
  • Time
  • Distance
  • Shielding

RT 200 (8 decks)

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