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RT 200 > 1. Evolution of Health Care Delivery > Flashcards

1. Evolution of Health Care Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

Prehistoric people treat wounds through

A
  • Immersion in cool water and applying mud to irritated areas
  • Sucking stings
  • Licking wounds
  • Exerting pressure on wounds to stop bleeding
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2
Q

Mesopotamians

Liver –

A

seat of life

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3
Q

Disease is a divine punishment or mark of sin for

A

Ancient Hebrews

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4
Q

divine punishment or mark of sin

A

Disease

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5
Q

Disease was considered an imbalance of the four humors of the body: phelgm, blood, yellow
bile and black bile

A

4th Century Hebrews

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6
Q

Disease was considered an imbalance of the four humors of the body:

A

phelgm, blood, yellow bile and black bile

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7
Q

 Deities of ancient Egypt were associated with health, illness, and death

A

Ancient Egypt

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8
Q

healing goddess

A

Isis

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9
Q

mistress of heaven and protector of women during childbirth

A

Hathor

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10
Q

fertility

A

Keket

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11
Q

-Embalming
-linked anatomy and physiology with theology
-Pills, cake suppositories, enemas, ointments, drops, gargles, fumigation and baths
-Drugs were made from vegetable, mineral, and animal substances; and imported materials such as saffron,
cinnamon, perfumes, spices, sandalwood, gums and antimony

A

Ancient Egypt

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12
Q
  • Life is eternal cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction
  • Detected diabetes by sweetness of urine
  • Treated snakebites by applying tourniquets
  • Surgery of nose, earlobes, harelips and hernias
  • Perform cesarean sections
A

Ancient India

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13
Q

balance of yin and yang

A

Harmony

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14
Q

was considered the way

A

Tao

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15
Q

forbade dissections

A

Confucius

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16
Q

Nei Ching

Five methods of treatment -

A
  • Cure the spirit
  • Nourish the body
  • Give medications
  • Treat the whole body
  • Acupuncture and moxibustion
  • Treatment – exercise, physical therapy, massage
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17
Q

exercise, physical therapy, massage,

A

Treatment

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18
Q
  • Harmony – balance of yin and yang, Tao was considered the way
  • Confucius forbade dissections
  • Nei Ching
  • 11th Century – developed an inoculation against smallpox
A

Ancient China

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19
Q

developed an inoculation against smallpox

A

11th Century

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20
Q
  • Built healing temples of Asclepios in Thessaly

- Healing rituals began after sundown and often involved fasting or abstinence from certain food or wine

A

Ancient Greece

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21
Q

round building encircled a pool or sacred spring of water for purification

A

Tholos

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22
Q

building for incubation site where cure take place

A

Abaton

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23
Q
  • Thales
  • Anaximander
  • Anaximenes
  • Heraclitus
  • 6th century BC
A

Pre-Hippocratic Medicine

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24
Q

Basic element in all animal and plant life was water, from which came the earth and air

A

Thales

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25
Q

Living creatures originated in water

A

Anaximander

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26
Q

Air is necessary for life

A

Anaximenes

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27
Q

Fire principal element of life

A

Heraclitus

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28
Q

earth, air, fire and water are basic component of life

A

6th century BC

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29
Q
  • father of medicine
  • His approach revolutionized medicine from the ancient past and began turning it into and objective science
  • People practicing medicine should be pure and holy
  • Addressed mental illness, anxiety and depression
A

Hippocrates

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30
Q

Hippocrates taught that one should

A
  • Observe all
  • Study the patient rather than the disease
  • Evaluate honestly
  • Assist nature
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31
Q
  • Healing message of Christ
  • Healing was not differentiated into physical, mental, or spiritual
  • Luke the physician
  • Christian faith – compassion, forgiveness, and concern for the unfortunate and the dispossessed
A

Christianity

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32
Q

founded a hospital in the fourth century. Other hospitals were established by
Christian community in Caesarea, Edessa, and Bethlehem

A

Roman Emperor Constantine

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33
Q

With the ________ came the distribution of disease.

A

Crusades

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34
Q

Crusades brought

A

Leprosy, typhus and smallpox

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35
Q

Year bubonic plague

A

1347

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36
Q
  • Paracelsus
  • Jean Fernel
  • Ambroise Pare
  • Andreas Versalius
  • Latrochemistry
  • Jan Baptista van Helmont
  • Galileo
  • Isaac Newton
  • William Harvey
  • Christian Huygens
  • Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit
  • Marcello Malpighi and Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Quinine
  • Leonardo da Vinci
A

The Renaissance

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37
Q

father of pharmacology

A

Paracelsus

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38
Q
  • physiology, pathology and therapeutics were standard discipline of medicine
  • First suggested that gonorrhea and syphilis are separate diseases
A

Jean Fernel

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39
Q

Forerunner of clinical surgery

A

Ambroise Pare

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40
Q

father of anatomy

A

Andreas Versalius

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41
Q

Combination of alchemy, medicine, and chemistry

A

Latrochemistry

42
Q

First measurement of the relative weight of urine

A

Jan Baptista van Helmont

43
Q

Presented laws of motion in mathematical manner

44
Q

Discovered gravity

A

Isaac Newton

45
Q

Continuous circulation of blood in body system

A

William Harvey

46
Q

Centigrade system for measuring temperature

A

Christian Huygens

47
Q

Developed the system of measuring temperature

A

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit

48
Q

Forerunners in the invention of microscope

A

Marcello Malpighi and Anton van Leeuwenhoek

49
Q

Was discovered as a treatment for malaria

50
Q

Explored human anatomy through dissections

A

Leonardo da Vinci

51
Q
  • Albrecht von Haller
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • Stephen Hales
  • Giovanni Battista Morgagni
  • Edward Jenner
  • William Hunter
  • John Hunter
  • Philippe Pinel
A

18th Century

52
Q

In-depth studies of the nervous system; discovered the relationship of the brain cortex to peripheral nerves, and became founder of modern physiologic theory

A

Albrecht von Haller

53
Q

Pioneer of experimental fertilization

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

54
Q

Demonstrated blood circulation, stressed importance of the capillary system, and became the first person to record blood pressure with manometer

A

Stephen Hales

55
Q

father of pathology; Correlated anatomy with pathology

A

Giovanni Battista Morgagni

56
Q

Smallpox vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

57
Q

Specialist in obstetrics, founded the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy, the first medical
school in London

A

William Hunter

58
Q

Experimental surgeon; Method of closing off aneurysm; Pioneer in comparative anatomy

A

John Hunter

59
Q

Humane regimen be instilled at Asylum de Bicetre near Paris (care and treatment for mentally ill patients)

A

Philippe Pinel

60
Q
  • Autopsies were the major focus of medicine
  • Carl Rokitansky
  • Rudolf Virchow
  • Claude Bernard
  • Rene -Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec
  • Ephraim McDowell - Performed the first successful abdominal surgery to remove a huge cyst from an ovary
  • J. Marion Sims
  • Joseph Priestly
  • Crawford W. Long
  • Joseph Lister
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Robert Koch
  • Benjamin Rush
  • William Beaumonth
  • Gregor Mendel
  • Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
  • Pierre and Marie Curie
A

19th Century

61
Q

Most outstanding morphologic pathologist of his time

A

Carl Rokitansky

62
Q

All cells come from other cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

63
Q

-Founder of experimental physiology and discovered the principle of homeostasis, clarified the multiple
functions of the liver, studied digestive activities of the pancreas, and was the first to link pancreas with
diabetes.
-He pioneered and established the specialty of internal medicine.

A

Claude Bernard

64
Q

-Pathologic and clinical understanding of chest diseases including emphysema, bronchiectasis and
tuberculosis.
-He was also a pioneer in the invention and use of the stethoscope.

A

Rene -Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec

65
Q

Performed the first successful abdominal surgery to remove a huge cyst from an ovary

A

Ephraim McDowell

66
Q
  • Laid foundation for gynecology and founded the Women’s Hospital of the State of New York
  • He invented the Sims position and later the speculum and Catheter
A

J. Marion Sims

67
Q

Nitrous oxide gas and chloroform has been discovered but not yet put into practice

68
Q

Discovered nitrous oxide gas

A

Joseph Priestly

69
Q

He suggested to use nitrous oxide gas in surgery but was ignored.

A

Humphry Davy

70
Q

Used sulfuric ether during surgery in 1842

A

Crawford W. Long

71
Q
  • Discovered that bacteria were often origin of disease

- Safe surgical procedure

A

Joseph Lister

72
Q

Germ theory of disease and explained the effectiveness of asepsis and antisepsis

A

Louis Pasteur

73
Q

Extensive research into microorganisms and founded bacteriology

A

Robert Koch

74
Q

First American Psychiatrist

A

Benjamin Rush

75
Q

First prominent American Physiologist

A

William Beaumonth

76
Q

Foundation of modern genetics - Experiments of heredity of plants

A

Gregor Mendel

77
Q

November 8, 1895 – discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

78
Q
  • Discovered radium

- Provided foundation for the use of radioactivity in the treatment of disease

A

Pierre and Marie Curie

79
Q
  • Major Walter Reed
  • Paul Ehrlich
  • Pavlov
  • Abel, Rowntree, and Turner
  • Willem Einthoven
  • Hans Burger
  • Lind, Eijkman, Hopkins, Szent-Gyorgi, and Funk
  • Electron microscope was invented in 1930
  • Salk vaccine
  • Watson and Crick
  • Christiaan Barnard
  • Computers and imaging equipment
  • Major transplants
  • Coronary bypass surgery
  • Arthroscopic surgery
  • Laparoscopic surgery
  • Lithotripsy
  • Use of Lasers
  • Artificial hips and knees
  • Plastic surgery
A

20th Century

80
Q

Eradicated yellow fever

A

Major Walter Reed

81
Q

father of chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

82
Q

Invented the first artificial kidney that led to dialysis

A

Abel, Rowntree, and Turner

83
Q

Made the first electrocardiogram

A

Willem Einthoven

84
Q

Invent electroencephalogram

A

Hans Burger

85
Q

Defined and isolated vitamins and described their role in life process.

A

Lind, Eijkman, Hopkins, Szent-Gyorgi, and Funk

86
Q

Electron microscope was invented in

87
Q

virtually eliminated the scourge of poliomyelitis

A

Salk vaccine

88
Q

Accurately described deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule and Year

A

Watson and Crick in 1962

89
Q

Performed first successful human heart transplant

A

Christiaan Barnard

90
Q
  • Rapid expansion of technology and information
  • Research into genetics has greatly expanded our knowledge about heredity
  • Biotechnology
  • Robotic surgery
  • Electrical conduction system of the heart has been mapped
A

21st Century

91
Q
  • Less blood
  • Faster recovery of patients
  • Fewer overall complications
A

Robotic surgery

92
Q

a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is
typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms

93
Q

death rate

94
Q

occurrence of disease or condition

95
Q
  • Heart Disease
  • Cancer
  • Cerebrovascular Disease
  • Accidents
  • Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease
A

Risk Factors and Primary Causes of Death

96
Q
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • High Cholesterol
A

Heart Disease

97
Q
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Positive stool occult blood
  • Failure to perform breast self-examination
  • Failure to have Papanicolaou tests (Pap smears)
98
Q
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Hypertension
  • High cholesterol
A

Cerebrovascular Disease

99
Q
  • Failure to use seat belts

- High alcohol use

100
Q

Cigarette Smoking

A

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease

101
Q

Crawford W. Long used sulfuric ether during surgery

102
Q

First medical school in London

A

Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy

RT 200 (8 decks)

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