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Biology > 7 Populations, Evolutions And Inheritance > Flashcards

7 Populations, Evolutions And Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Species

A

. Organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

What is a population

A

. Group of the same species in the same area

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3
Q

What is a community

A

. Populations of different species in the same area

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4
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

. All the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment

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5
Q

What is a habitat

A

. Small part of an ecosystem where population lives

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6
Q

What is a niche

A

. The niche of a species is its role in the community
. The specific data go back to Clock does the species depend on for the survival

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7
Q

What is carrying capacity And how can it be altered

A

. population of each species than ecosystem can support
. Can Be altered by natural or human activity

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8
Q

What is interspecific competition

A

. Between different species, The more similar the niches, the more competition

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9
Q

What is intraspecific competition

A

. Between the same species, often between territories or meets

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10
Q

Estimate the size of a population of sundews in a small Marsh

A

. Use the grid or divide area into squares
. Method of obtaining random coordinates E.G.random number generator
. Count percentage covering quadrat
. Use a large sample and calculate mean

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11
Q

How can you calculate the total population from Mark release recapture method

A

N=(Number marking first catch)x(Total number in second couch)/number of recaptures in second catch

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12
Q

When is Mark release recapture used and what are the rules of it

A

. Used on motile species

. Random collection, large sample size, ethical treatment, Mark must not act as a selection pressure, must give time to mix with population

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13
Q

What is succession

A

. The gradual directional change of a community due to changing abiotic and biotic conditions over time

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14
Q

What is primary succession

A

. HOSTILE environment
. Slow-growing, specialise species (pioneer species) begin growing
. Pioneers die, decomposed by microorganisms so formation of soil, less hostile
. different species colonise, pioneers outcompeted by better adapted new species
. Biodiversity increases a little
.  increases habitats and variety food
. climax community reached, most stable due to most different habitats, food variety

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15
Q

Describe and explain how succession occurs

A

. Colonisation by pioneer species
. Pioneer species change environment
. Environment is less hostile for new species
. Change increases biodiversity
. Climax community reached

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16
Q

What is secondary succession

A

. Community is damaged, soil was left, plants colonise

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17
Q

What is conservation

A

. The maintenance of biodiversity involving humans

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18
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

. The number of different alleles of genes in a population

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19
Q

What can cause genetic diversity

A

. Dna mutations
. Crossing over
. Independent segregation
. Random fertilisation

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20
Q

Explain natural selection

A

. Random mutation results in new alleles of a gene
. Selection pressures exist in the environment
. New allele might be beneficial leading to increased survival and reproductive success
. Allele pastsed on to offspring
. Over generations allele increases in frequency causing changing gene pool

21
Q

What is a gene pool and why is it beneficial to have a large one

A

. Collection of all alleles for all of the organisms genes
. Species that is more genetically diverse is more stable and more likely to adapt to survive if selection pressure changes

22
Q

What is the bottleneck affect

A

. A random reduction in population size
. Alters gene pool by chance and causes some alleles to increase some to decrease

23
Q

What is the founder effect

A

. Migration of a small number of the population that was the gene pool by chance
. New population will increase over time but some alleles have increased and others decreased

24
Q

What is directional selection

A

. Caused by natural selection
. Occurs when environment changes
. Organisms with extreme alleles more likely to survive and reproduce
. Overtime most population will have extreme allele
. Example is antibiotic resistant bacteria

25
Q

What is stabilising selection

A

. Individuals with alleles for middle range more likely to survive and reproduce
. Occurs when environment is stable
. Conditions for average Alelle almost favourable
. Average hourly or shift towards the middle of the range

26
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

. Selection works against the mean
. Increases frequency of extreme alleles and reduces moderate traits

27
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

. CAUSED BY GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION Then reproductive isolation
. Have separate gene pause due to mutation caused by different selection pressures
. Different alleles passed onto offspring
. Different alleles change in frequency, can’t reproduce to make fertile offspring
. Apparently disruptive selection

28
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

. Caused by random mutation resulting in reproductive isolation causing separate gene pools
. Different alleles passed on to offspring
. Causes disruptive selection
. Results in two species that can produce to create fertile offspring

29
Q

What is a locus

A

. Location of a gene on a chromosome

30
Q

What are diploid and haploid

A

. Diploid refers to cells that contain two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus
. Haploid refers to cells that contain only single copy of each chromosome in the nucleus

31
Q

What does the word allele, recessive allele, dominant allele, and co dominant alleles mean

A

. Allele - one of a number of alternative forms of a gene
. Recessive allele – only expressed in phenotype when both alleles are recessive
. Dominant allele - allele that is always expressed in phenotype of an organism
. Codominant – would both alleles are expressed in the phenotype

32
Q

What do homozygous and heterozygous mean

A

. Homozygous – are both alleles for the same for a particular gene
. Heterozygous – alleles are different for a particular gene

33
Q

What does it mean to be a carrier

A

. Possessive mutated allele that can be passed to offspring but is not expressed in phenotype

34
Q

What is genotype and phenotype

A

. Genotype – genetic constitution of an organism
. Phenotype – characteristics of an organism due to its genotype and interaction with the environment

35
Q

What is autosomal linkage

A

. What about genes are found on the same chromosome

36
Q

What is sex linkage

A

. When a genes locus is on a sex chromosome

37
Q

What is epistasis

A

. Expression of a gene affects the expression of another gene at a different locus

38
Q

What often makes observed ratios of phenotype different to expected

A

. Random fertilisation
. Small sample size
. Linked genes
. Epistatic genes

39
Q

What is the difference in phenotype between complete dominance and co-dominance

A

. Complete dominance – heterozygote will have same phenotype as the dominant trait
. Co-dominance – how should I go shows a new phenotype E.G.pink from red and white

40
Q

I don’t wanna get Autosomal linkage so when you have more time please look back over this

A

Chat help this isn’t funny

41
Q

Why do doctors use pedigree analysis charts

A

. To show how genetic disorders are inherited in a family
. Can’t find the probability that someone will inherit a condition

42
Q

How can doctors work out if An allele is sex linked

A

. Look at fathers and daughters, affected father cannot have unaffected daughter if dominant sex linked allele is on X so must be recessive

43
Q

When I chi square test used

A

. To determine whether the difference between an observed and expected frequency is statistically significant or due to chance

44
Q

 what are the steps are Used in a chi square test

A
  1. Null hypothesis (no significant difference between observe than expected frequency)
  2. Find expected frequency is
  3. Find try squared value
    - x^2 = (O-E)^2/E
  4. Determine degrees of freedom (phenotypes - one, Then use degrees of freedom table and find value relating to phenotype and .05, this is critical value)
  5. Find probability value
  6. value less than critical value, p is less than .05 so not significant etc.
45
Q

What is genetic drift

A

. Founder effect or genetic bottleneck, due to chance

46
Q

What is the hardy Weinberg principle equation

A

. P + q = 1
. P^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

47
Q

What are the five assumptions of hardy Weinberg principle

A

There will be no change to allele frequency as long as:
. Random mating occurs
. No natural selection for/against alleles
. Large population size
. No immigration/emigration
. No mutations

48
Q

What does the hardy Weinberg principle predict

A

. Oh your frequency will not change from generation to generation if all assumptions remain true

Biology (5 decks)

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