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1 biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a monomer?

A

. a small unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

what is a polymer?

A

. molecules made from lots of monomers bonded together

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3
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

. creation of bonds through elimination of a molecule of water

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4
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

. breaking of chemical bonds through insertion of a molecule of water

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5
Q

what is the bond type in carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids?

A

. glycosidic, phosphodiester, peptide, ester

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6
Q

what creates maltose, lactose, and sucrose?

A

. glucose + glucose, glucose + galactose, glucose + fructose

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7
Q

what is an isomer?

A

. molecules with the same formula but different chemical structures

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8
Q

what are the positions of the hydroxyl group on alpha and beta glucose?

A

. alpha below, beta above abba

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9
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

. single sugar unit, small and solouble

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10
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

. two monosaccharide units held together by a glycosidic bond

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11
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

. polymer, lots of repeating monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what are the properties and formula of glucose?

A

. c6h12o6
. small so can be transported through cell membranes
. soluble so can be transported around an organism

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13
Q

what are the properties and structure of glycogen and starch?

A

. are storage polysaccharides of alpha glucose
. store excess glucose until the organism needs it
. insoluble so don’t affect water potential
. large so don’t move around in organism
. amylose and glycogen - branched 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, lots of ends so easily hydrolysed
. starch - plants, glycogen - liver and muscle tissue

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14
Q

what are the properties and structure of cellulose?

A

.structural polysaccharide of beta glucose
. made of straight rigid chains with every other molecule flipped 180
. insoluble and prevents cell from bursting when full of water
. only has 1-4 glycosidic bonds, chains held together by individually weak but overall strong hydrogen microfibrils
. found in cell walls

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15
Q

what is the test for starch?

A

. add potassium iodide solution to sample
orange blue/black

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16
Q

what is the test for lipids?

A

. add ethanol then water and mix
milky white emulsion forms

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17
Q

what is the test for reducing sugars?

A

. add benedict’s solution then boil
blue - brick red precipitate

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18
Q

what is the test for non reducing sugars?

A

. first test for reducing sugars with neg result
. add hcl and boil
.add sodium hydroxide to neutralise
. re add benedict’s and boil
blue - brick red

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19
Q

what is the test for proteins?

A

.biuret reagent
blue - purple

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20
Q

what forms a triglyceride?

A

. condensation reaction of one glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains to create 3 ester bonds whilst expelling 3 molecules of water

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21
Q

what are 2 properties of triglycerides?

A

. non polar
. can be saturated or unsaturated

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22
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

. a fatty acid from the triglyceride is substituted for a phosphate group
. they have a polar hydrophilic head and non polar hydrophobic tails
. they have only two ester bonds

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23
Q

what forms an ester bond?

A

. condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid

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24
Q

what is a fatty acid?

A

chains of hydrocarbons ending in carboxyl groups that can be both saturated or unsaturated

25
Q

how do phospholipids form water tight layers?

A

. form a bilayers in cell membranes by aligning polar head to water and non polar tails away form water

26
Q

what is the general structure of an amino acid?

A

H R O
\ .| //
N-C-C
/ | \
H H OH

27
Q

what bonds do amino acids have and where?

A

. H bonds, Ionic bonds, disulphide bridgesbetween r groups
. form peptide bonds in condensation reactions between amine groups of one molecule and carboxyl groups of another

28
Q

describe protein structure?

A

. primary - simple polypeptide chain, order determines sequence of tertiary structure
. secondary - primary structure folds or twists called either beta pleated sheets or alpha helices and are held in place by hydrogen bonds between nh and co
. tertiary - secondary structure folds into specific 3d shape which is held in place by bonds between r groups
. quaternary formed by more than one polypeptide chain

29
Q

what is a globular protein and a fibrous protein?

A

. globular - soluble, have biochemical functions e.g. enzymes, hormones
. fibrous proteins - insoluble, have structural functions e.g. keratin

30
Q

what are enzymes?

A

.lower activation energy without being used up in reactions
. they are tertiary structure proteins
. they’re specific to one substrate due to specific tertiary structure being complimentary

31
Q

how do enzymes lower activation energy and explain induced fit?

A

. bend bonds in substrate making them more likely to break
. bring molecules closer together, overcoming their natural repulsion making bond more likely

. active site almost complimentary
. when substrate binds slight change in active site
. change bends bonds in substrate causing it to break more readily

32
Q

what does it mean when the active site denatures?

A

. change in active site due to breaks in hydrogen bonds in the tertiary structure

33
Q

how can some enzymes be activated by a non protein molecule?

A

. by bonding to the allosteric site and changing the shape of the as to be complimentary to a s

34
Q

describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A

. as temperature increases, ke in e and s increases so more likely to collide and form es complexes which inc rate of reaction
. going above op causes h bonds in tertiary structure to break so as changes shape therefore fewer es complexes therefore slower rate of reaction
. graph goes up steadily then drops off quickly after op

35
Q

describe the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

.deviation from op pH causes change in ionic bonds in R groups so as changes shape to be no longer complimentary therefore fewer es therefore less rr
. graph drops steeply on either side of the optimum

36
Q

describe the effect of substrate/enzyme concentration on enzyme activity?

A

.as conc inc, rate inc as more collisions and inc es complexes. at high conc it plateaus as something else becomes the limiting factor
. graph increases steadily then plateaus

37
Q

describe the effect of competitive inhibitors on enzyme activity?

A

. have similar shape to substrate so can bond to as
.presence reduces rr but at high sub conc more likely to bind to as than inhib so effect can be overcome
. graph is slight slower than without but still meets at peak

38
Q

describe the effect of non competitive inhibitors on enzyme activity?

A

. bind ot allosteric site causing change in as
. non comp inhib dec rr due to denaturing as therefore dec in es complexes even at high sub conc therefore non comp max rate never reached
. graph is significantly below normal line and plateaus quickly

39
Q

what do DNA and RNA do?

A

. dna holds genetic info, rna transfers it from dna to ribosomes

40
Q

how are ribosomes formed?

A

. formed from dna and proteins

41
Q

describe dna structure?

A

. dna molecules are double helixes held together by h bonds between complimentary base pairs

42
Q

what forms a phosphodiester bond?

A

. reaction between the hydroxyl groups of two sugar groups and a phosphate group

43
Q

how many h bonds do the complimentary base pairs form?

A

. adenine and thymine - 2
. cytosine and guanine - 3

44
Q

how does dna structure relate to function?

A

. long - stores lots of info
- helical - compact
. double stranded - each strand can act a s a template
. sugar phosphate backbone - provides strength and stability
. weak h bonds - easily broken for replication
. lots of h bonds - makes molecule stable
. complimentary base pairs - ensures accurate replication

45
Q

describe rna?

A

. polymer made of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester binds
. is a single relatively short chain used in production of proteins
. mrna, trna , rrna

46
Q

describe a molecule of dna/ rna

A

. either deoxyribose or ribose pentose sugar in pentagon, circle coming of left side which is phosphate group, rectangle coming of right side which is a nitrogen containing base

47
Q

compare rna and dna

A

. dna then rna
. two strands, 1 strand
. very long, relatively short
. adenine thymine cytosine guanine, adenine uracil cytosine guanine
. stores genetic info, transfers genetic info of proteins and forms ribosomes

48
Q

what is semi conservative replication?

A

. ensures continuity between cells
. replication happens during interphase
. each molecule contains one old strand and one new strand

49
Q

what enzymes work in dna replication?

A

. dna helicase - breaks h bonds between c pairs
. dna polymerase - joins adjacent nucleotides and forms phosphodiester bonds

50
Q

what re the stages in dna replication?

A

. helicase breaks h bonds
. each strand acts as a template
. free nucleotides attach to exposed bases by complimentary base pairing
. dna polymerase joins nucleotides forming pd bonds

51
Q

why are new dna strands added 5’ to 3’?

A

.because polymerase is complimentary to 3’ end of dna chain so new nucleotides added in 5’ to 3’ direction

52
Q

what did Meselson and Stahl prove?

A

. replication of dna is semi conservative

. conservative - entire old mol and entire new
. dispersive - nucleotides broken down and individually joined with new ones to make patch work chains

. grew e coli bacteria in n15 then transferred to lighter n 14results proved semi
. 0 _ (contains only n15) 1 - ruled out conserve as not a mix 2 = proved semi as separated not all hybrids
. after that top line just got thick af

53
Q

what is atps full name?

A

. adenine triphosphate

54
Q

what does atp look like?

A

ribose sugar with rectangle adenine to left and three p circles on right side

55
Q

what is atp?

A

. a phosphorylated macromolecule
. made when organisms oxidise organic molecules
. used as main e source to carry out processes in cells

56
Q

what is atps equation?

A

atp (+ h2o) > ADP + Pi

57
Q

why is atp so good?

A

. it releases e in small amounts so there’s less waste
. hydrolysed in only one step
. can be resynthesized rapidly
. cant leave through cell membrane
. phosphorylates other compounds making them more reactive

58
Q

what are the 4 properties of water and how do they relate to function?

A

. polar - metabolite in condensation and hydrolysis - dissolves polar molecules and ions - acts as a transport medium as chemicals dissolve in it

. strong cohesive - tall columns of water can be drawn up xylem - high surface tension - organisms can walk on it

. high latent heat of vaporisation - allows body to cool when sweating

. high specific heat capacity - prevents large fluctuations so aquatic habitats are thermally stable
. allows cells to remain at op temp for enzymatic reactions

59
Q

what are the four inorganic ions and what are they used for?

A

. sodium - used in cotransport of glucose in the small intestine
. hydrogen - changes ph making things more acidic, used in production of atp
. iron - found in haemoglobin in red blood cells and binds to oxygen
. phosphate - important for atp and nucleic acid production

Biology (6 decks)

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