7. Industry Flashcards
Physical Factors affecting Industrial Location
- Raw materials
- Natural Routes
- Power/Energy
- Site & Land
- Environment
Industry - what do I need to know?
- Different types of industry e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
- Main features of an industrial system
- At least 10 factors which influence the location of industry (Physical and Human)
Identify location factors of new industry and the role the Government and funding have on attracting new industry
Use an OS map to:
• describe the advantages (location factors) of a particular site for manufacturing industry in the past, or new industries at the present time
• describe the environmental impact of the industrial development
• describe the features of both old and new industrial landscapes.
For any named industrial concentration in the EU (Clydebank):
• explain the physical factors which led to the growth of early industry (outline the geographical reasons behind the area’s former prosperity)
• describe the past and present distribution of coal mining and related activities
• suggest the likely impact of coal mining and related activities on the environment of the area
• suggest reasons for the area’s subsequent decline
• describe and explain the recent industrial changes and discuss their impact on the area
• describe ways in which the landscape has changed as a result of regeneration
• describe and comment on the success of steps taken to bring about redevelopment
Human Factors affecting Industrial Location
- Labour
- Market
- Capital
- Transport
- Communications
Case study - reasons for initial growth in South Wales
Coal
Ironstone
Limestone
Relevance of ports such as Cardiff & Swansea & British Empire
Case study - reasons for subsequent industrial decline in South Wales
X
Associated social, economic & environmental impacts
Case study - regeneration in South Wales
Cardiff Bay
Government & E.U. policies
Foreign investment e.g. Sony
Map Evidence for Old Industrial Areas
Large units
Unplanned
Rail transport – sidings
Canals for early transport of heavy bulky goods
Spoil heaps
Road access
High density housing nearby
Near ports for exporting to overseas markets (British Empire was original market)
Evidence such as ‘works’, ‘mill’ words on map
Inner city location
Always give 6 figure grid references, and refer to places on the map by name
Map Evidence of New Industrial Areas
Large site
Flat site for large buildings – usually assembly line production
Planned sites
Edge of town with room for expansion
Separate from housing
Good transport to nearby housing (A class roads)
Near motorway intersection for transport
Close to airport for importing light small components
Close to airport for visiting managers as many companies are multinationals
Often close to market e.g. Silicon Valley in central Scotland
Always give 6 figure grid references, and refer to places on the map by name.
With reference to named examples within an area of industrial decline in the European Union which you have studied, explain reasons for industrial decline in areas like Teesside.
Reasons for industrial decline may include:
Lack of local raw materials.
Increased competition from overseas.
Cheaper labour from competitors.
Old fashioned/dated equipment.
Increasing cost of transporting new materials and finished goods.
Poor infrastructure of road and rail.
EU and government grants/incentives running out.
Rationalisation of foreign companies leading to overseas plants in EU
closing.
Falling demand as new products take over market.
Restricted/dated working practices.
With reference to named examples within an area of industrial decline in the European Union which you have studied, describe and explain the impact of industrial closures on people, the local economy and the environment in the surrounding area like Teesside.
The impact of industrial closures may include:
Unemployment.
Rise in cases of depression.
Rise in crime rates.
Closure of local schools.
Associated service and supply industries close.
Workers and their families migrate from the area.
Shops close.
Lack of investment and inflow of new industry due to ethos of decline.
Factories and surrounding areas become derelict.
Houses and closed shops are boarded up.
Area looks rundown.
Less pollution from older industries.
Areas may attract government intervention for regeneration.
Brownfield sites are cheaper for regeneration.
Contamination of industrial sites means it can be expensive to reclaim for other uses.
10 marks
“New” industry is often located in industrial estates, business parks and science parks.
Referring to a named industrial concentration in the European Union that you have studied, describe and explain the main characteristics of a typical new industrial landscape.
Main characteristics that might be included in a description/explanation of a “new” industrial landscape.
Lower, smaller, modern buildings – mostly single storey and often with large windows to allow in plenty of light.
Buildings are well planned/spaced out with trees and grassy areas and even ornamental lakes/ponds included in the layout to provide a more attractive working environment and create a favourable image to prospective investors/clients.
Usually located on purpose-built industrial estates or Science/Business Parks commonly on Greenfield sites on the edge of towns/cities where
land is relatively cheap and there is room for car parking and for future expansion.
Usually close to major roads such as dual carriageways or motorways for ease of transport of the finished products to markets/ports, for bringing in raw materials/component/sub-assemblies and for the convenience of today’s more mobile, car-owning workforce.
Similar sorts of industries/firms in similar looking buildings often locate on the same site to benefit from an exchange of ideas and information. Many of these businesses are connected with information, high technology and electronics industries and will have direct links with universities (often situated close by) for research and development purposes and to remain successful and competitive.
“New” industry is often located in industrial estates, business parks and science parks.
Referring to a named industrial concentration in the European Union that you have studied describe ways in which the European Union and national governments have helped to attract new industries to your chosen area.
Answers will vary and will be determined by the industrial concentration chosen. For South Wales, steps taken to attract new industries and inward
investment might include:
National Government
creation of Enterprise Zones (Swansea, Milford Haven) and their associated benefits
designation of Development Area status for old coal mining areas
setting up of Welsh Development Agency (WDA) in 1976, to attract high quality investment into Wales
Urban Development Corporation (UDC) in Cardiff and its associated benefits
Improved infrastructure – the Heads of the Valleys Road
construction of New Town, Cwmbran
relocation of specific government offices, e.g. DVLA in Swansea
encouraging inward investment from abroad, e.g. Sony, Bosch, Lucky Goldstar
European Union
EU (creation of EU itself provides huge European market for goods)
joining EU opens up a huge source of funds available to outlying areas – ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), EIB (European
Investment Bank), ESF (European Social Fund) etc. and their associated benefits
Cohesion Fund – aimed at states whose Gross National Income (GNI) is
