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Higher Geography > 5. Population > Flashcards

5. Population Flashcards

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0
Q

Censuses

A

Difficulties of running a national census in L.E.D.C.s

Why are censuses needed

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1
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

4 - 5 stage model of population comparing birth rate & death rate

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2
Q

Describe and suggest reasons for the patterns of migration from Poland, India & Australia to UK during 2005/2006.

A

Description
The largest number of migrants came from Poland (124,000)
Explanation
Due to the expansion of the EU in 2005 and freedom of movement for workers

Description
The second highest source was India (about 100,000)
Explanation
Possibly due to Commonwealth links or people who already have family in the UK’s large Indian sector

Description
A large proportion (48,000) came from Australia
Explanation
Due to the lack of a language barrier and the increasing trend towards young people travelling for work experience

Credit should also be awarded for references to relevant push and pull factors.

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3
Q

With reference to a migration flow you have studied, describe the impact on either the donor or receiving country.

A

Advantages for Mexico
• The pressure on resources and jobs was lessened.
• Money was often sent back to the families left behind, which helped to stimulate the economy
• When migrants returned, they were able to bring back new skills, used by the donor country.

Disadvantages for Mexico
• The leaving of the active population created a burden on the economy.
• The leaving of the most educated created a ‘brain-drain’.
• Families were divided as males left

Advantages for California
• The short-term labour gap was filled – migrants filled jobs Americans did not want.
• Mexican culture enriched the border states with language, music and food
• Labour costs were reduced – agricultural sector benefited from this.

Disadvantages for California
• Migrant workers felt discriminated against
• Ghettos developed in the poorest districts.
• Illegal migration cost the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and holding centres.

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4
Q

Older people are living longer because of:

A
  • developments in medical science

* improved health care provision

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5
Q

Fewer babies are being born because:

A
  • more women go out to work
    • educated women may choose to develop a career rather than raise a large family
    • the age of marriage has increased
    • contraceptives are more easily available
    • there are changing lifestyles, where families prefer to have fewer children
    • in the past children contributed to the family’s income - nowadays they’re more likely to be economic burdens
    • better health care means that people don’t have to have large families to ensure the survival of a few
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6
Q

The increased population of older people means that:

A
  • there is an increased demand for health and social care
    • it becomes increasingly difficult for governments to provide satisfactory pensions, which are ultimately funded by the working population
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7
Q

The reduced numbers of babies and children means that:

A
  • there is less need for schools and school teachers
    • industries which provide products for children - e.g. pram manufacturers - may suffer
    • in the longer term, companies may have difficulty recruiting youthful workers
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8
Q

Push-Pull Theory

A
  • Any migration is as a result of push forces at the origin and pull forces at the destination.
    • Examples of push forces are:
      • famine
      • war
      • poverty
    • Examples of pull forces are:
      • availability of food
      • peace
      • wealth
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9
Q

Reasons & consequences for changes to birth & death rates in named countries over the last few hundred years

A

X

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10
Q

Population Pyramids

A

Description & explanation of different pyramid shapes
Future consequences for both typical L.E.D.C. & M.E.D.C.s
Use of terms “economically active group”, “young dependent” & “elderly dependent” groups
Understanding of Dependency Ratio

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11
Q

Migration

A

Voluntary / involuntary
Push & pull factors
Barriers to migration
Case studies Rwanda / Poland & Scotland including reasons & advantages/ disadvantages to both countries

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12
Q

Population Policies

A

Pro-natalist & anti-natalist policies

China’s One Child Policy

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13
Q

What two processes have changed the structure of some populations?

A
  • Older people are living longer

* Fewer babies are being born

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13
Q

Describe and suggest reasons for the patterns of migration from Countries to Uk during 2005/2006

  • Poland
  • India
  • Australia/USA/New Zealand
  • Pakistan
  • South Africa
A
  • Joining EU and Movement for workers
  • Family in Uk tempt to immigrate
  • No language barrier
  • Escape war or better job prospects
  • Better education system for children
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15
Q

How does the current EU fertility rate compare with the mid-1960s?

A
  • Current rate = 1.43 children per female

* Mid-1960s rate = 2.75 children to each woman in the appropriate age group

16
Q

What fertility rate is required in Europe to maintain a stable population?

A
  • 2.1 children per female is required all across Europe fertility rates, to prevent a decrease.
16
Q

Impact of a changing population:

A
  • can cause problems at both ends of the age structure
18
Q

Possible solutions to changing population

A
  • The statement from the MSP that ‘Scots should be paid to breed’ suggests that the use of financial incentives is one possible solution.
    • The Singapore government has launched a pro-natalist campaign, and hopes to increase the birth rate by:
      • giving financial inducements for third children
      • giving paid maternity leave
      • providing state-funded child care centres
        Whether these incentives would make any difference in Western Europe is debatable.
    • The alternative option, tried in a number of countries experiencing a labour shortage, is to encourage immigration.
19
Q

What types of migration are there?

A
  • Voluntary

* Forced / involuntary

20
Q

Causes of voluntary migrations

A

Broadly voluntary factors can be described as social or economic:

  • better living conditions
  • access to health care
  • access to good education
  • better employment prospects
  • higher wages
21
Q

Effects of voluntary migrations

A

While migration can benefit countries - providing new trades and skills and a cheaper workforces for example - there are potential drawbacks to large scale migration:

  • healthcare and education services can become strained
  • a large influx of migrants can lead to housing shortages
  • cultural differences can lead to racial tensions
  • the welfare system can become strained if migrants claim benefits
21
Q

Describe the effects of the migration on the ‘losing’ and ‘receiving’ countries or areas

A

x

23
Q

Examples of recent forced migrations:

A
  • Palestinians to Jordan
    • Rwanda to Tanzania
    • Macedonia to Yugoslavia
    • Zimbabwe to Mozambique
    • Ethiopia - internal & external migrations
24
Q

Reasons for Palestinians to Jordan migration

A
  • The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) estimates that there are nearly four million Palestinian refugees living in various countries in the Middle East.
    • They fled from their homes during the Arab-Israeli Wars of 1948 and 1967.
    • In both wars, Israel gained territory previously occupied by Palestinians.
25
Q

Effects of Palestinians to Jordan migration

A
  • It is estimated that there are around one and a half million Palestinians living in Jordan.
    • Many have been integrated into Jordanian society, but some 350,000 are still living in refugee camps scattered around the country.
    • Although UNWRA is responsible for health and social services in the camps, the Jordanian government has to meet the cost of supplying water, electricity and roads.
26
Q

Reasons for Rwanda to Tanzania migration

A
  • In 1994 there was a bitter civil war in Rwanda between two ethnic groups, the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi.
    • An estimated one million people were killed within a three month period.
    • Subsequently many refugees, mainly Hutus, fled from Rwanda to neighbouring countries.
    • Approximately two million went to Zaire and half a million to Tanzania.
27
Q

Effects of Rwanda to Tanzania migration

A
  • Most of the refugees in Tanzania are found in refugee camps on the western borders of the country.
    • The arrival of the refugees has had a substantial impact on the environment:
      • deforestation, as refugees seek wood for fuel and for shelter
      • overgrazing, by the cattle, sheep and goats brought by the refugees
      • water shortage, resulting from the sudden increase in demand
      • water pollution, since no proper sanitation system was initially available
    • The competition for water and firewood led to conflict between the refugees and the local population.
28
Q

Reasons for Macedonia to Yugoslavia migration

A
  • Yugoslavia was created in 1918 from territories formerly occupied by the old Austrian and Turkish Empires.
    • Within it were various groups - Serbs, Croats, Bosnians and Slovenes - who had not always enjoyed friendly relationships with each other.
    • The country held together until 1991, when Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence.
    • The Serbs invaded Croatia, thus beginning a civil war which carried on intermittently over the next decade.
    • Within Macedonia, conflict broke out in February 2001, between the ethnic Albanian minority and the Macedonia Slavs.
    • There had been many atrocities during the war, and 150,000 people fled from Macedonia, mainly to neighbouring Kosovo.
29
Q

Effects of Macedonia to Yugoslavia migration

A
  • The effects tended to be short term.
    • The movement out of Macedonia was only one of many forced migrations within former Yugoslavia, but for many, this migration was temporary.
    • After a peace agreement in August 2001, more than 100,000 migrants returned home, under the guidance of UNRWA and NATO.
    • Others have, however, stayed away from their homelands, especially if they had been within an ethnic minority in their own village.
30
Q

Reasons for Zimbabwe to Mozambique migration

A
  • Until recently, white commercial farmers owned most of Zimbabwe’s best farmland.
    • The government has begun a land reform programme to take over around 3000 farms, to be sub-divided and redistributed.
    • Many farmers have been forcibly evicted from their farms, others have been killed.
    • A growing number of farmers have fled to neighbouring Mozambique.
31
Q

Effects of Zimbabwe to Mozambique migration

A
  • The Mozambique government has given a cautious welcome to the Zimbabwean farmers.
    • Many have been offered 1000 hectares on a 50 year lease.
    • They have been dispersed around the country so that they will integrate better within Mozambique.
    • Although the farmers are often starting out living in a tent, with no electricity and distant water supplies, they see it as preferable to living in fear in Zimbabwe.
32
Q

Reasons for Ethiopia - internal & external migration

A
  • Ethiopia is predominantly a rural society.
    • The country experiences a very variable pattern of rainfall.
    • Crop failures and livestock losses can occur when seasonal rains fail, or when excessive rain causes flooding.
    • Pastoral nomads have increasing difficulty in finding water or suitable grazing for their animals.
    • In extreme cases, as in 1984-5, famine results and massive migration movements occur.
33
Q

Effects of Ethiopia - internal & external migration

A
  • The famine of 1984-5 resulted in the death or displacement of hundreds of thousands of people within Ethiopia.
    • Around 300,000 people fled to Sudan, 100,000 to Somalia.
    • Forced migrants do not always cross international boundaries.
    • In the drought conditions of 1999-2000, Christian Aid reported migration within Ethiopia: into towns, to search for work or beg for food into areas of the country where the rainfall was more reliable.
    • These movements can cause conflict between fellow Ethiopians competing for scarce resources or work opportunities.

Higher Geography (10 decks)

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