7 - Grammar Flashcards
What are enclitics?
- Unstressed form attaching to the end of the preceding word
- Typically functional morphemes (e.g. pronouns) but also shortened versions of auxiliary [functional] verbs
- e.g. it’s, it’ll, we’ve, couldn’t
What are proclitics?
- Unstressed form attaching to the beginning of the following word
- Typically functional morphemes (e.g. articles; pronouns)
- e.g. y’know, more common in French: l’amour, je t’aime
What are pronouns?
Words used to substitute nouns and noun phrases
- Personal: I, me
- Possessive: my
- Demonstrative: this
- Relative: who, whose
- Interrogative: what?
- Indefinite: some, all
- Reflexive: myself
What are determiners?
Words used in front of nouns
- Articles: a/an, the
- Demonstratives: this, that
- Possessives: my, yours
- Quantifiers: (a) few, fewer, many
- Numbers
What are the grammatical categories for nouns and adjectives?
- Number
- Gender
- Person
- Case (e.g. comparative, superlative…)
What are the grammatical categories for verbs?
- Tense (e.g. past/perfect/future)
- Aspect (e.g. perfective, imperfective…)
- Voice (e.g. active, passive)
- Mood (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative)
What is descriptive grammar?
- Study/analysis of structures of a language as it is used
- Structural analysis
- Distribution of forms
- Use of ‘test frames’ e.g. sentences with gaps
- Non-latin-influenced categorisations/definitions of word classes (e.g. pronouns: words used to replace nouns and noun phrases)
What is constituent analysis?
- Word level
- Phrase level
- Sentence level
What is a phrase?
Group of words that go together and don’t contain a verb e.g. the lord of the rings, extremely fast
What is a clause?
Group of words that go together and contain a verb e.g. to be or not to be
What is a sentence?
One or more clauses with one or more finite verbs e.g. every little helps, only superman could do it, who’s next?
What are examples of a noun phrase?
My HOUSE, the HOUSE, Peter’s HOUSE
What are examples of a prepositional phrase?
AT the round table, IN London
What are examples of a adjectival phrase?
Light GREEN, really BAD
What is an example of an adverbial phrase?
Very QUICKLY
