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GENETICS > 7 GENES AND PROTEINS > Flashcards

7 GENES AND PROTEINS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a large molecule that is consists of one or more polypeptide chain

A

Protein

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2
Q

a series of amino acids that are joined together by a polypeptide bond

A

polypeptide

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3
Q

Enzyme
is a ____

A

protein

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4
Q

are substances that catalyzes or speed up the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

These enzymes are ____ in their action

A

specific

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6
Q

Enzymes’ specificity can be attributed to the ____

A

proteins
composing them

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7
Q

properties of enzymes largely depend on their ____

A

amino acid sequence

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8
Q

components of amino acid

A

amino group
hydrogen
carboxyl group
r-group

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9
Q

in an amino acid structure which determines the type of amino acid

A

R
the side chain

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10
Q

Therefore, for the proper functioning of enzyme, it must be of the ____ and is
assembled in the ____. If alteration in the sequence of amino acid occurs, there will be
serious consequences on the phenotype of the individual.

A

right kind
right order

not all amino acid substitution leads to a disease

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11
Q

Relationship between genes and enzymes was first suggested by ____ , an English physician, in 1902

A

Archibald Garrod

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12
Q

The concept was developed as a result of Garrod’s study on a disease called ____

A

alkaptonuria

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13
Q

a recessive trait that causes arthritis

A

Alkaptonuria

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14
Q

2 symptoms of alkaptonuria

A
  • urine of the affected person turns black upon exposure to the air
  • serious physical and mental
    retardation (mean IQ – 65)
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15
Q

Alkaptonurics cannot metabolize ____ because they lack the enzyme ____

A

homogentisic acid
homogentisic acid oxidase

homogentisic acid accumulates due to a block in the metabolic pathway

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16
Q

In 1941, Beadle and Tatum formulated the ____

A

One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis.

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17
Q

One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis states that:
a.
b.

A

(a) every gene controlled a particular enzyme and
(b) the final product of the metabolic process is affected by stepwise succession of enzymes

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18
Q

DNA is the one controlling the synthesis of protein through the ____

A

RNA

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19
Q

shows the flow of information in the biological systems

A

central dogma of molecular biology

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20
Q

the informations that are encoded in the DNA are transferred into the RNA in the process
of ____

A

transcription

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21
Q

process that the DNA is
produced from the RNA

which happens to?

A

reverse transcription

bacteria

22
Q

the informations that are coded in the RNA will be translated
into proteins in the process of ____

A

translation

23
Q

refers to the transfer of genetic
information from the nucleotide sequence of the DNA
to the nucleotide sequence of the RNA

A

Transcription

24
Q

2 Steps involved in the transcription

A
  1. Uncoupling of the double stranded DNA molecule.
  2. Synthesis of RNA along one DNA strand (catalyst: RNA polymerase)
25
Q

In transcription, the sequence of deoxyribonucleotide
in a single DNA strand determines the sequence of
ribonucleotides in a newly synthesized RNA. Once
the RNA is synthesized, it will move from the ____

A

nucleus
to cytoplasm.

26
Q

Types of ribonucleic acid (RNA):

A
  1. Messenger RNA or mRNA
  2. Transfer RNA or tRNA
  3. Ribosomal RNA or rRNA
27
Q

carry the instruction for protein synthesis from the DNA
(nucleus) to the ribosomes (cytoplasm)

A

Messenger RNA or mRNA

28
Q

brings the activated amino acids to the mRNA. At least one ____ is specific for each of the 20 amino acids

A

Transfer RNA or tRNA

29
Q

incorporated in the ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA or rRNA

30
Q

4 features of transcription

A

a. Involve only certain regions of DNA
b. Transcription is the major point of control of gene expression
c. RNA synthesis occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction
d. Transcription consists of three events: initiation, elongation, and termination

31
Q

DNA sequences that code for RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

A

Coding regions

32
Q

do not code for a gene product

A

Noncoding regions

33
Q

refers to the synthesis of a polypeptide chain using the genetic
instructions from the mRNA

A

Translation

34
Q

7 Steps involved in translation:

A

a. DNA is transcribed to mRNA in the process of transcription.
b. The mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes.
c. Different RNA’s in the cytoplasm pick up the amino acid and bring them in the
ribosome as they move along the mRNA.
d. tRNA couples briefly with the mRNA (complementary to RNA bases) in the
ribosomes.
e. Ribosomes move along the mRNA, adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain.
f. As each tRNA donates its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain, it uncouples
from the mRNA. It then moves away from the cytoplasm to pick up more amino
acids.
g. Once the tRNA completed a peptide chain, it will be release from the ribosomes.

35
Q

Stages of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

36
Q

RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the ____ found near the beginning of a gene

A

Initiation
promoter

37
Q

Initiation

Each gene (or group of co-transcribed genes, in bacteria) ____

A

has its own promoter

38
Q

Initiation

Once bound, ____ separates the DNA strands, providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription

A

RNA polymerase

39
Q

One strand of DNA, the template strand, acts as a template for RNA polymerase.
As it “reads” this template one base at a time, the ____ builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides, making a chain that grows from ____

A

Elongation
polymerase
5’ to 3’

40
Q

Elongation

RNA transcript carries the same information as the ____ of DNA, but it contains the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

A

non-template (coding) strand

41
Q

Sequences called ____ signal that the RNA transcript is complete in the process of ____

A

terminators
Termination

42
Q

very important in decoding the DNA and
RNA sequences into amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

A

Genetic code

43
Q

a collection of base triplets of DNA and RNA carrying the genetic
information.

A

Genetic code

44
Q

There are ____ kinds of amino acids in a protein molecule

A

20

45
Q

For one DNA, there are ____
kinds of nucleotides

A

4

46
Q

Why use triplet code of nucleotide?

A
  • One nucleotide for one amino acid = not possible.
  • Doublet code (2 nucleotides for every one amino acid = not possible for there will be a shortage of 4 codons).
  • Triplet code (3 nucleotides for one amino acid so there will be an excess of 44 codons)
47
Q

Decoding of mRNAs is being done by reading the nucleotides
in group of three, called ____

A

codon

48
Q

4 important features of codon

A

a) They specify an amino acid.
b) Termination or stop codons mark the end of protein synthesis.
c) The codon AUG, which codes for methionine, marks the beginning of protein synthesis
d) The mRNA codons are read from 5’ to 3’ direction. They specify the order of amino
acids from the N-terminus to C-terminus

49
Q

5 Features of Genetic Code

A
  1. Genetic Code is triplet
  2. Genetic Code is degenerate/redundant/repetitious
  3. Genetic Code is non-overlapping
  4. Genetic Code is universal
  5. There are three nonsense codons
50
Q

Codons for same amino acid usually differ in third position only

A

Third Base
Degeneracy Wobble Hypothesis

51
Q

Evidences that the code is non-overlapping:

A

Substitution of one nucleotide in a base sequence would only change one amino acid in
the protein

For instance, in sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin of the affected person differs
from the Hb of the normal person only in one amino acid indicating that a single mutation can result in an alteration of single amino acid.

52
Q

terminator or non-sense codons since they terminate the
amino acid chain in the synthesis protein.

A

UAG, UAA, and UGA

GENETICS (6 decks)

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