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GENETICS > 10 POPULATION GENETICS > Flashcards

10 POPULATION GENETICS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • Members of a species can interbreed & produce fertile offspring
A

Gene Pool

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2
Q

____ have a shared gene pool

A

species

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3
Q
  • all of the alleles of all individuals in a population
A

Gene Pool

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4
Q
  • Different species ____ exchange genes by interbreeding
A

do NOT

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5
Q
  • Different species that interbreed often produce ____
    example?
A

sterile or less viable offspring
e.g. mule

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6
Q
  • A group of the same species living in an area
A

population

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7
Q
  • Formation of new species
  • One species may split into 2 or more species
  • Requires very long periods of time
A

speciation

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8
Q
  • Combines Darwinian selection and Mendelian inheritance
A

Modern Synthesis Theory

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9
Q

study of genetic variation within a population

A
  • Population genetics
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10
Q

MST emphasizes on ____

A

quantitative characters (height, size …)

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11
Q
  • 1940s – comprehensive theory of evolution
A

Modern Synthesis Theory

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12
Q

who introduced MST

A

Fisher & Wright

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13
Q
  • Recognizes that ____ are responsible for the inheritance of characteristics
A

GENES

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14
Q
  • Recognizes that ____, not ____, evolve due to natural selection & genetic drift
A

POPULATIONS
individuals

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15
Q
  • Recognizes that SPECIATION usually is due to the ____ of small genetic changes
A

gradual accumulation

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16
Q
  • The modern synthetic theory of evolution describes the evolution in terms of ____ in a population that leads to the formation of a new species.
A

genetic variations

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17
Q
  • Changes occur in gene pools due to mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, etc.
A

Microevolution

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18
Q
  • Gene pool changes cause more ____ in individuals in the population.
    Example?
A

VARIATION

Bacteria becoming unaffected by antibiotics (resistant)

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19
Q
  • the process of heredity in a random mating population does not change either allelic frequencies or genotypic frequencies at a given locus
A

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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20
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle used to describe a?

A

non-evolving population

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21
Q

HWP

  • Shuffling of alleles by meiosis and random fertilization have ____ on the overall gene pool
A

no effect

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22
Q
  • ____ are NOT expected to actually be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A

Natural populations

23
Q
  • Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium usually results in ____
A

evolution

  • Understanding a non-evolving population, helps us to understand how evolution occurs
24
Q

5 Assumptions of the H-W Principle

A
  1. large population size
  2. no migration
  3. no net mutations
  4. random mating
  5. no natural selection
25
Q

Traits selected for random mating

A

mimicry
color

26
Q

The gene pool of a NON-EVOLVING population remains ____ over multiple generations

A

CONSTANT

27
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation:

A

1.0 = p2 + 2pq + q2

p2 = frequency of AA genotype
2pq = frequency of Aa
q2 = frequency of aa genotype

28
Q

Allele Frequency using Hardy-Weinberg

A

1.0 = p + q

p = frequency of A allele
q = frequency of a allele

29
Q

5 Causes of Microevolution

A
  1. genetic drift
  2. natural selection
  3. gene flow
  4. mutation
  5. non-random mating
30
Q

the change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance

A

genetic drift

31
Q

success in reproduction based on heritable traits results in selected alleles being passed to relatively more offspring (Darwinian inheritance)
- Cause ____ of Populations

A

natural selection
ADAPTATION

32
Q

is genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations

A

gene flow

33
Q

a change in an organism’s DNA; can be transmitted in gametes to offspring

A

mutation

34
Q

Mates are chosen on the basis of the best traits

A

non-random mating

35
Q

2 Factors that Cause Genetic Drift

A

bottleneck effect
founder effect

36
Q
  • a drastic reduction in population (volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides …)
  • Reduced genetic variation
A

bottleneck effect

37
Q

In bottleneck effect, ____ population may not be able to adapt to new selection pressures

A

Smaller

38
Q
  • occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population
  • Reduced genetic variation
A
  • Founder Effect
39
Q

May lead to speciation

A

founder effect

40
Q

example of
Loss of Genetic Variation

A
  • Cheetahs have little genetic variation in their gene pool

  • This can probably be attributed to a population bottleneck they experienced around 10,000 years ago, barely avoiding extinction at the end of the last ice age
41
Q

3 Modes of Natural Selection

A
  1. directional selection
  2. disruptive selection
  3. stabilizing selection
42
Q
  • Favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range
A
  • Directional Selection
43
Q
  • Most common during times of environmental change or when moving to new habitats
A
  • Directional Selection
44
Q
  • Favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes
A
  • Disruptive selection
45
Q
  • Occurs when environmental change favors an extreme phenotype
A
  • Disruptive selection
46
Q
  • Favors intermediate over extreme phenotypes
A
  • Stabilizing Selection
47
Q
  • Reduces variation and maintains the current average
A
  • Stabilizing Selection
48
Q

human birth weight is an example of what mode of natural selection? and how?

A

stabilizing selection

if high, obesity
if low, malnourish

49
Q

5 variations in populations

A
  • geographic variations
  • hetezogote advantage
  • mutations
  • genetic recombination
  • co-evolution
50
Q
  • Mutations
    -In stable environments, mutations often result in little or no benefit to an organism, or are often harmful
    -Mutations are more beneficial (rare) in changing environments
    example?
A

HIV resistance to antiviral drugs

51
Q

source of most genetic differences between individuals in a population

A

genetic recombination

52
Q

Often occurs between parasite & host and flowers & their pollinators

A

co-evolution

53
Q
  • Favors heterozygotes (Aa)
  • Maintains both alleles (A,a) instead of removing less successful alleles from a population
A

heterozygote advantage

54
Q

example of heterozytote advantage

A
  • Sickle cell anemia

o Homozygotes exhibit severe anemia, have abnormal blood cell shape, and usually die before reproductive age.
o Heterozygotes are less susceptible to malaria

GENETICS (6 decks)

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