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GENETICS > 12 GENETIC ENGINEERING AND THE FUTURE > Flashcards

12 GENETIC ENGINEERING AND THE FUTURE Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

known to be the best known application of molecular genetics

A

Genetic engineering

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2
Q

Genetic engineering is made possible by?

A
  1. A method of **breaking and joining DNA **molecules derived from different source
    forming the recombinant DNA.
  2. A suitable gene carrier that can replicate both itself and foreign DNA segment attached
    to it;
  3. Means of introducing the composite DNA molecule or chimera into a functional host
    cell; and
  4. A method of selecting from a large population of cells clone of recipient cell has acquired the molecular chimera.
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3
Q

6 Requirements for Recombinant DNA Technology

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
  2. DNA ligase
  3. Vehicles for cloning
  4. Functional host cell
  5. A method for selection of recipient cells and their multiplication
  6. Recipient cells
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4
Q

 part of cell’s defense mechanisms against invading foreign genomes

A

Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase

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5
Q

 cut within certain well-defined based sequences in the invading DNA fragments

A

Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase

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6
Q

 shown a high degree of specificity - possible to direct the splitting of DNA of the
cloning vehicle

A

Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase

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7
Q

Enzyme that makes possible the insertion of selected piece of DNA

A

DNA ligase

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8
Q

Commonly used vector/vehicles for molecular cloning

A

a. Plasmids
b. Bacteriophages
c. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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9
Q

The cloned DNA is introduced into the host cell (using ____).

A

Functional host cell
E. coli

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10
Q

Other host cells include:

A

 Yeast
 other bacteria
 Drosophila
 higher plants & animals

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11
Q

cells that show the characteristics of the introduced gene

A

Recipient cells

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12
Q

refers to the joining together of DNA molecules from
two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic
combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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13
Q

e general name for a piece of DNA
that has been created by the combination of at least two strands

A

Recombinant DNA (rDNA),

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14
Q

6 Steps of Genetic Recombination Technology

A
  1. Isolation of Genetic Material
  2. Restriction Enzyme Digestion
  3. Amplification Using PCR
  4. Ligation of DNA Molecules
  5. Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host
  6. Isolation of Recombinant Cells
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15
Q

Since DNA exists within the cell membrane along with other macromolecules such as RNA,
polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, it must be separated and purified which involves enzymes such
as ____

A

lysozymes, cellulase, chitinase, ribonuclease, proteases etc.

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16
Q

Other macromolecules are removable with other enzymes or treatments. Ultimately, the addition of
____ causes the DNA to precipitate out as fine threads. This is then spooled out to give purified
DNA

A

ethanol

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17
Q

act as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific locations. These reactions
are called ____

A

Restriction Enzyme Digestion
‘restriction enzyme digestions’.

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18
Q

They involve the ____ with the selected restriction enzyme, at conditions
optimal for that specific enzyme

A

incubation of the purified DNA

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19
Q

The technique ____ reveals the progress of the restriction enzyme
digestion

This allows separating and cutting out the digested DNA fragments

A

‘Agarose Gel Electrophoresis’

On the application of current, the
negatively charged DNA travels to the positive electrode and is separated out based on size.

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20
Q

method of making multiple copies of a DNA
sequence using the enzyme – DNA polymerase in vitro.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR

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21
Q

It helps to amplify a single copy or a few copies of DNA into thousands to millions of
copies.

A

PCR

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22
Q

PCR reactions are run on ‘thermal cyclers’ using the following components:

A

a) Template – DNA to be amplified
b) Primers – small, chemically synthesized oligonucleotides that are complementary to a
region of the DNA.
c) Enzyme – DNA polymerase
d) Nucleotides – needed to extend the primers by the enzyme.

The cut fragments of DNA can be amplified using PCR and then ligated with the cut vector

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23
Q

The process of joining these two pieces together using the enzyme?

A

‘DNA ligase’ is
‘ligation

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24
Q

The resulting DNA molecule is a hybrid of two DNA molecules – the interest molecule and
the vector.

This intermixing of different DNA strands is called
____.

A

recombination

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25
Q

new hybrid DNA molecule is also called a recombinant DNA molecule and the
technology is referred to as the

A

recombinant DNA technology

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26
Q

the recombinant DNA is introduced into a recipient host cell mostly, a
bacterial cell

A

Transformation

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27
Q

Bacterial cells do not accept foreign DNA easily. Therefore, they are treated to make
them ‘competent’ to accept new DNA. The processes used may be ____ etc.

A

thermal shock,
Ca++ ion treatment,
electroporation

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28
Q

The transformation process generates a mixed population of ____

A

transformed and non-transformed host cells.

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29
Q

The selection process involves filtering the ____ only

A

transformed host cells

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30
Q

For isolation of recombinant cell from non-recombinant cell, ____ is employed.

A

marker gene of plasmid vector

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31
Q

Genetic engineering has the following applications:

A

a) enhanced the field of biotechnology
b) opened new avenues perceived to be impossible before

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32
Q

DNA sequencing together with computer software that align DNA pieces facilitated the
shift from gene mapping to DNA sequencing.

A

1995

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33
Q

Data on human genome sequencing is shown in the public

A

1996

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34
Q

Sequencing of 99% of the human genome accomplished

A

2000

35
Q

Progress in microarray technology (for investigating gene function and interactions)

A

2000 to present

36
Q

The technique of DNA fingerprinting involves the use of:

A

a) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
b) Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) or Minisatellites

37
Q

regions of DNA that vary
among individuals.

A

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

38
Q

When probe for large enough number of RFLPs are used, the degree of accuracy is ____: the likelihood of a match between two unrelated individuals
is less than one in 100 million

A

very high

39
Q

method of
DNA fingerprinting consider tandemly repeated sequences

A

Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) or Minisatellites

40
Q

The number and size of
VNTR differ in different individuals. Each VNTR size is given a probability score
which is based on its frequency within a ____

A

reference human population.

41
Q

genes
that control heritable diseases such as:

A

a) Osteoarthritis
b) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
c) Huntington’s disease
d) breast cancer disposition gene (BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)

42
Q

It is claimed that aging may be caused by the buildup mutation of mitochondrial DNA.
Scientists in Australia and Japan observed that ____ much faster than
____

A

mitochondrial DNA mutation

chromosomal DNA.

43
Q

Researches on Animal Genes

A
  • Super-ovulation Hormone
  • Rat Pancreatic Peptide Gene
  • Transgenic Fishes
  • Transgenic Livestock and Poultry
44
Q

A recombinant ____ produced by Integrated
Genetics, Inc. causes superovulation in cattle.

A

bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH)

The multiple egg each bovine releases can be artificially inseminated and the embryos
implanted into surrogate mother cow.

45
Q

Injection of pancreatic peptide into a strain of obese rats ____ feeding
and absorption of fats

A

reduced

46
Q

Transgenic salmon
 Carries foreign gene for growth hormone
 Alongside the growth hormone gene, the gene for ____ was inserted
 Observe to grow faster than non-transgenics

A

beta galactosidase

47
Q

To improve the characteristics of livestock and poultry, ____ are
transferred to the animals.

A

growth hormones

48
Q

Transgenic pigs
 30% more efficient in feed conversion
 Reach the marketable size ____ than their non-transgenic counterpart

A

7 week earlier

49
Q

Researches on Plant Genes

A
  • Genetically Modified for resistance to insect pest, disease & herbicides
  • Genetically modified for improved nutritional qualities
  • Genetically modified for special products
  • Genetically modified for enhanced quality traits
50
Q

Insertion of ____ gene for crystals toxic to Lepidopteran insects into canola, corn, cotton, potato, soybeans and tomato provide season-long protection against
Lepidopteran insect pests.

A

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

51
Q

Insertion of Virus coat protein genes provides resistance against ____

A

papaya ring spot virus
and banana bunchy top virus.

52
Q

Insertion of bar gene from ____ into tomato, potato soybean, corn and tobacco provide resistance against herbicides.

A

Streptomyces hygrospicus or bxn from Klebsiella

53
Q

Fatty acid modification, eg. soybean, canola and sunflower oil with high levels of ____

A

oleic
acids

54
Q

____ gene introduced into rice

A

Methionine-rich

55
Q

Rice varieties with ____ and amino acid levels than non-transgenic rice

A

20% higher protein

56
Q

Genes for enzyme that converts sucrose to fructans are inserted into ____. It
yields 40% of their dry weight as fructans.

A

sugar beets

57
Q

Golden rice - genes from daffodil flower and bacterium Erwinia uredovora, the source
of ____ enzyme to enable rice to synthesize ____, precursor of
vitamin A

A

phytoene desaturase
carotene

58
Q

Gene for ____ (iron storage protein) - from soybean, then inserted to rice. ____
accumulates in the endosperm, tripling the rice iron content.

A

ferritin

59
Q

Transgenic potatoes producing vaccine against ____

A

E.coli enterotoxin, cholera toxin and
Norwalk virus.

60
Q

Transgenic bananas and tomatoes producing vaccines against ____

A

hepatitis B

61
Q

Transgenic tomatoes producing vaccines against _____

A

respiratory syncytial virus

(causes lower respiratory tract disease in infant and children)

62
Q

Genetically modified for enhanced quality traits

A
  • Delayed tomato ripening
  • Improved flavor and sweetness
  • Preventing browning of apples & potatoes
63
Q

Delayed tomato ripening by inserting antisense gene for ____

A

polygalacturonase (enzymes for breaking down pectin)

 tomatoes with antisense gene ripen on the vine to develop flavor and color before the softening process, thus prolonging its shelf life.

64
Q

Improved flavor and sweetness by inserting genes for ____ into tomato and lettuce

A

moneliin

65
Q

Preventing browning of apples & potatoes by insertion of antisense gene for ____

A

polyphenol oxidase
(enzyme that polymerizes phenolic compound to form dark pigment)

66
Q

Genome mapping requires identification of ____

A

DNA markers

67
Q

DNA fragments that can distinguished from one another due to their
differences in nucleotide sequences.

A

DNA markers

68
Q

 used to leach metals (Cu, uranium) from Fe ore
 Used to process waste H2S gas produced by petroleum refineries

A

Iron-oxidizing bacteria

69
Q

 GE microorganism that can track other GE organisms in the environment

A

Microbes to track organisms

70
Q

 Bacteria genetically engineered to glow in the dark
 Can be used as living biosensors for detection of virtually any class of toxic agents

A

Bacterial biosensors

71
Q

insulin is for

and treatment for?

A

Hormone for glucose uptake

For diabetis

72
Q

tissue plaminogen activator TPA is for

and treatment for?

A

Dissolves blood clot

For heart attack victims

73
Q

factor VIII is for

and treatment for?

A

Blood clotting factor

For certain types of
hemophilia patients

74
Q

renin inhibitor is for

and treatment for?

A

Lower blood pressure

For hypertension

75
Q

production of medically important proteins in the mammary gland of livestock

A

Molecular pharming

76
Q

host of tissue plasminogen activator

use for?

A

goat

Dissolves blood clot

77
Q

host of lactoferrin

use for?

A

cattle

Used as iron supplement in
infant formula

78
Q

host of Insulin-like growth factor 1

use for?

A

cattle

Treatment of diabetis

79
Q

The Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms: Biosafety and Ecological Implications

A
  1. Potential ecological effects
  2. Regulatory policies
80
Q

Most GE organisms are modified domesticated species living under controlled
conditions. They are ____ human support

A

unable to survive without

81
Q

 Undesirable outcomes that should not be allowed to happen.
 Gene flow through hybridization with related crops or wild species.
 Damage to non-target species.
 Disruptive effect on biotic communities.

A

Potential ecological effects

82
Q

____ must be the basis for planning for the development, testing and
risk assessment of the introduction of GE organisms into environment

A

Ecological principles

83
Q

The introduction of GE is directed at ____ while guarding against
potential problems.

A

promoting effectiveness

GENETICS (6 decks)

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