7. Cell Signaling | November 06, 2024

Question 1

Signal molecules are the

Answer 1

Ligands

Question 2

The two types of receptors

Answer 2

1. Cell Surface Receptors
2. Intracellular Receptors

Question 3

Types of cell surface receptors

Answer 3

1. Ion-channel linked receptor
2. G-protein linked receptor
3. Enzyme-linked receptor

Question 4

Types of signals

Answer 4

1. Lipid soluble
2. Water soluble

Question 5

Types of receptors

Answer 5

1. Cell surface
2. Intracellular

Question 6

Types of cell surface receptors

Answer 6

1. Ion channel linked
2. GPCR —> G Protein
3. Enzyme linked

Question 7

Types of secondary messengers

Answer 7

1. cAMP —> PKA
2. cGMP —> PKG
3. IP3 & DAG —> Kinase
4. Ca2+ —> Calmodulin

Question 8

The IP3 secondary messenger forms

Answer 8

the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule

Question 9

The DAG secondary messenger forms

Answer 9

the two fatty acid tails of the phospholipid molecule

Question 10

Passing the signal multiple times within the cell yields what outcome?

Answer 10

The signal is amplified significantly based on the number of times the signal is passed along the pathway to different proteins

Question 11

There are two main signaling pathways

Answer 11

1. Fast pathway: expressed enzyme being activated for function; a pathway that activates already existing proteins for function
2. Slow pathway: transcriptional factor of proteins; more powerful pathway that amplifies the amount and effect of the proteins

Question 12

How are signals passed from protein to protein (considering the molecular passage of signals)

Answer 12

1. Phosphorylation: giving the protein (mostly downstream proteins) molecule the phosphate group
2. Conformational change: