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Module 1A > 7 Cell Membrane Transport - Part 2 > Flashcards

7 Cell Membrane Transport - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Terms

A

Definition

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

It mark cell boundaries and allow for the maintenance of an intracellular composition that differs from the extracellular composition

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3
Q

K+

A

What is the main ion of the ICF?

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4
Q

Na+

A

What is the main ion in the ECF?

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5
Q

Intracellular membranes

A

It allows for the compartmentalization of cell components and maintenance of the concentration gradients required for cell metabolism

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6
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

The fluid within cells that contains high concentrations of potassium (K+), magnesium, and phosphate ions.

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7
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

The fluid within cells that contains large amounts of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and nutrients for the cell such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

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8
Q

False. ECF has a higher concentration of ionized calcium and has higher pH

A

True or False: ECF lowers the concentration of ionized calcium and has a lower pH

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9
Q

chloride and bicarbonate

A

What is the balancing anions of ECF?

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10
Q

proteins and organic phosphates

A

What is the balancing anions of the ICF?

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11
Q

ICF: 14 mEq/L
ECF: 142 mEq/L

A

What is the approximate compositions of Na+ in ICF and ECF?

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12
Q

ICF: 120 mEq/L
ECF: 4 mEq/L

A

What is the approximate compositions of K+ in ICF and ECF?

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13
Q

ICF: 10 mEq/L
ECF: 105 mEq/L

A

What is the approximate compositions of Cl- in ICF and ECF?

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14
Q

ICF: 10 mEq/L
ECF: 24 mEq/L

A

What is the approximate compositions of HCO3 in ICF and ECF?

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15
Q

ICF: 1 x 10-4
ECF: 2.5 mEq/L

A

What is the approximate compositions of Ca2+ in ICF and ECF?

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16
Q

ICF: 7.1
ECF: 2.5 mEq/L

A

What is the approximate pH of ICF and ECF?

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17
Q

ICF and ECF: 290 mOsm/L

A

What is the approximate osmolarity of ICF and ECF?

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18
Q

interstitial fluid and plasma

A

ECF is made up of two liquid _____ and ______

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19
Q

Integral Proteins

A

These are the proteins that penetrate the lipid bilayer and are involved in transport or signaling processes

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20
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

A type of proteins that are attached only to one surface of the membrane and do not penetrate all the way through

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21
Q

Glycocalyx

A

The carbohydrate-rich coating on the external surface of the cell membrane.

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22
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

A structure of the cell membrane composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, acting as a barrier.

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23
Q

False. Lipid bilayer is not miscible with either extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

A

True or false: lipid bilayer is miscible with either extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

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24
Q

True.

A

True or false: lipid-soluble substances can penetrate lipid bilayer and diffuse directly through the lipid substance

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25
Q

Transporter, Ion carriers, enzyme and receptor

A

What are the functions of of membrane proteins?

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26
Q

Selective permiability

A

The ability of the cell membrane to allow some substances to pass through while preventing others, primarily based on their solubility in lipids.

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27
Q

Polar and hydrophilic

A

The head-end of the phospholipid molecule contains the phosphate portion and is soluble in water, making it __________.

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28
Q

Non-polar and hydrophobic

A

The tail-end of the phospholipid molecule is relatively insoluble, making it __________ in water.

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29
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The model that describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates that provides the membrane with a fluid character.

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30
Q

Passive and Active Transport

A

What are the two types of basic mechanisms of Cell Membrane Transport

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31
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

A type of Passive transport that requires a carrier protein with a binding site

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32
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

A type of Passive transport that involves an open pore (a carrier protein without a binding site)

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33
Q

Passive Transport

A

Transport of substances along the concentration gradient or electrical gradient or both

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34
Q

Brownian Motion

A

The random thermal motion of molecules

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35
Q

From the region with the higher concentration toward the region with the lower concentration

A

If a concentration gradient exists, in what direction will the molecules move (if no energy is used).

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36
Q

(1) Permeability of the barrier to the molecules, (2) Surface area available, (3) Size of the concentration gradient

A

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

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37
Q

NO NET MOVEMENT of molecules (equilibrium)

A

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?

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38
Q

Passive Transport

A

Type of Membrane Transport which does not require the expedition of energy.

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39
Q

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, and alcohol

A

Give examples of molecules easily permeable to the cell membrane

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40
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

​​Kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without any interactions with carrier proteins in the membrane.

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41
Q

(1) Amount of substance available
(2) Velocity of kinetic motion
(3) Number and sizes of openings in the membrane through which molecules and ions can move

A

In simple diffusion, the rate of diffusion is affected by:

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42
Q

(1) Through the interstices of the lipid bilayer (if diffusion substance is lipid soluble)
(2) Through protein pores or watery channels that penetrate all the way through some of the large transport proteins

A

In which parts of the cell membrane does simple diffusion occur?

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43
Q

Two types of diffusion

A

Simple diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion

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44
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Kinetic movement of molecules or ions that occurs through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without any interactions with carrier proteins

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45
Q

Carrier proteins are needed in simple diffusion

A

False; carrier proteins are NOT needed in simple diffusion as the particle/substance here is essentially moving from greater conc. to a lower conc.

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46
Q

Rate of diffusion is determined by:

A

Amount of substance available

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47
Q

Simple diffusion can occur through the cell membrane through ________ & ___________.

A

interstices of the lipid bilayer & protein pores or watery channels

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48
Q

Protein pores are not water soluble

A

False; it is water soluble (e.g. watery channels)

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49
Q

Lipid layer of a cell membrane is only permeable to the ff except: O2, CO2, N2, Alcohol, Hydrogen

A

Hydrogen

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50
Q

Rate of diffusion and lipid solubility is directly proportional

A

TRUE

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51
Q

The protein layer of the cell membrane is permeable to water soluble substances like:

A

Water and Electrolytes or ions

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52
Q

In Simple Diffusion through protein layer, there is NO binding site

A

True, it can be an open conduit or gates channels OR no need for a carrier protein

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53
Q

The pores in protein channels are entirely lined up by ________.

A

integral protein molecules - as they form the channels for the diffusion of water, electrolytes and other substances that CANNOT pass through the lipid layer

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54
Q

Protein channels are distinguished by two important characteristics:

A

Selectively permerable AND Can be opened by gates that are regulated by electrical signals (voltage-gated channels) or chemicals (ligand-gated channels)

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55
Q

Nongated Channels

A

Continuously opened channels

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56
Q

Aquaporins, perforins, and nuclear pore complex

A

Examples of non gated channels

57
Q

Non-gated channels

A

Aquaporins, perforins, and nuclear pore complex are examples of ____

58
Q

Aquaporin

A

Also known as water channels

59
Q

Aquaporin

A

Channels that permit rapid passage of water through cell membranes but exclude other molecules.

60
Q

Aquaporin

A

They have a narrow pore that permits water molecules to diffuse through the membrane in single files.

61
Q

Aquaporin

A

Pore is too narrow to permit the passage of any hydrate ions, and is also commonly found in the renal tubules and the erythrocytes.

62
Q

Gated Channels

A

Closed channels and is opened only when required

63
Q

Gated Channels

A

Divided into three categories: Voltage-gated Channels, Ligand-gated Channels, and Mechanically-gated Channels

64
Q

Voltage-gated Channels

A

Channel that the molecular conformation of the gate or of its chemical bonds responds to the electrical potential across the cell membrane.

65
Q

Na+ channel

A

A strong negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane could presumably cause the outside gates to remain tightly closed, not allowing sodium to enter. What kind of voltage-gated channel is being talked about?

66
Q

Sodium Gates, Open, Allowing

A

In Na+ Channel under voltage-gated channels, when the inside of the membrane becomes positively-charged, the _____ would _____ suddenly, ______ sodium ions to pass inward through the sodium pores.

67
Q

Na+ Channel

A

The application being basic mechanism for eliciting action potentials in the nerves responsible for nerve signal. What Voltage-gated channel is being talked about?

68
Q

K+ channel

A

Potassium gates are on the intracellular ends of the potassium channels and open when the inside of the cell membrane becomes positively-charged. In this process, What Voltage-Gated channel is being talked about?

69
Q

Potassium gates, potassium channels

A

In K+ channels under voltage-gated channels, _____ are on the intracellular ends of the ______ and open when the inside of the cell membrane becomes positively-charged.

70
Q

Application of K+ Channel

A

Opening of gates is partly responsible for terminating the action potential. What voltage-gated channel is being talked about?

71
Q

outside

A

In Na+ channel under voltage-gated channels, the gate is ____

72
Q

inside

A

In K+ channel under voltage-gated channels, the gate is ____

73
Q

Ligand Gated Channel

A

Protein channel gate that opens when a chemical substance or a ligand to bind to the protein substance

74
Q

Ligand

A

A hormone or neurotransmitter that can bind to a receptor and trigger a cellular response.

75
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Opens the gate after binding and provides a negatively charged pore

76
Q

Application of Ligand Gated Channels

A

Important for the transmission of nerve signals from one nerve cell to another and from nerve cells to muscle cells, resulting in muscle contraction.

77
Q

Mechanically Gated Channels

A

Channels opened by mechanical factors and transmits a mechanical signal to an electrical signal

78
Q

Examples of Mechanically Gated Channels

A

Pressure receptors of Pacinian Corpuscles and deflection of stereocilia

79
Q

Mechanism of the pressure receptors of Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Pressure → Pacinian corpuscles are compressed → core fibre is deformed → sodium channel opens → receptor potential is developed.

80
Q

Mechanism of the Deflection of Stereocilia

A

sound → bending of hair cells → K+ enters → depolarization or change in electrical potential → Ca+ enters → transmission of signals that we can interpret

81
Q

K+

A

voltage-gated channel

82
Q

Ca+

A

mechanically sesitive channel

83
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

A type of diffusion wherein water soluble substances having larger molecules are transported through the cell membrane with the help of a carrier protein

84
Q

Faster

A

In facilitated diffusion, the substances are transported in and out of the cell membrane at a _____ rate than simple diffusion.

85
Q

False, carrier proteins have a binding site

A

True or False

Carrier proteins aid in facilitated diffusion by binding a particular substance, then altering their shape to bring that substance into or out of the cell. However, they do not have a binding site.

86
Q

Specificity, saturation, and competition

A

What are the 3 characteristics of carrier protein?

87
Q

Transport Maximum or TM

A

A limited number of carrier binding sites are available within the particular plasma membrane for a specific substance, Thus, there is a limit to the amount of substance a carrier can transport across the membrane in a given time.

88
Q

Simple diffusion: As the concentration of the diffusion substance increases, the diffusion rate (through an open channel) also increases

Facilitated diffusion: As the concentration of the diffusion substance increases, the diffusion rate approaches a maximum (Vmax/transport maximum)

A

What is the main difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion in terms of the diffusion rate as the concentration of the substance increases?

89
Q

The diffusion rate approaches a maximum (Vmax/transport maximum) due to the saturation of the carrier proteins.

A

In facilitated diffusion, what limits the diffusion rate even if the concentration of the substance continues to increase?

90
Q

GLUT4 is indeed a glucose transporter that is activated by insulin and increases the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose by 10-20 fold in insulin-sensitive tissues, such as adipose tissue and striated muscles.

A

What role does GLUT4 play in insulin-dependent glucose transport?

91
Q

Glucose co-transport is an active transport mechanism, while the mechanism involving GLUT4 is an example of facilitated diffusion, where glucose moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without requiring energy.

A

What distinguishes glucose co-transport from the mechanism involving GLUT4?

92
Q

fick’s first law of diffusion

A

Mathematical statements that describe how particles under random thermal motion tend to spread from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration to equalize concentration in both regions

93
Q

surface area and concentration gradient/difference

A

Rate of diffusion based on fick’s first law of diffusion is directly proportional to both

94
Q

thickness of the membrane

A

Rate of diffusion based on fick’s first law of diffusion is inversely proportional to the

95
Q

negative

A

For Fick’s First law of diffusion, the change of concentration difference over the membrane thickness is _____, so multiplying it by a negative diffusion coefficient will result in a positive value

96
Q

fick’s first law of diffusion

A

What law is the foundation of a lot of concepts regarding respiratory therapy and medicine

97
Q

increase

A

Increase or Decerease: Conditions/diseases such as pneumonia, TB, pulmonary fibrosis, or emphysema _______the thickness of the alveolar membrane, causing impaired diffusion manifested by symptoms such as hypoxemia and hypoxia

98
Q
  1. Membrane Permeability of Solutes 2. Molecular Weight 3. Concentration Gradient 4. Surface Area 5. Membrane Thickness
A

Five factors that affect Difussion

99
Q
  1. Solute is permeable and small 2.High concentration difference 3. High surface area 4. Thin membrane thickness
A

What is an ideal Scenario for dissuion

100
Q

Membrane Permeability

A

The cell membranes of lung cells are highly permeable to oxygen. When you breathe in, oxygen diffuses quickly from the air in your lungs into your blood because the membrane allows oxygen to pass through easily. What kind of factor of diffusion is this example?

101
Q

increases

A

the time required for diffusion ____ with the square of the distance

102
Q

range of diffusion / diffusion distance

A

dictates rate of delivery of nutrients to the cell and tissue vascularization

103
Q

in vivo

A

study on actual life

104
Q

in vitro

A

study through the tube

105
Q

lipid solubility

A

factor that determines how rapidly a substance diffuses through the lipid bilayer

106
Q

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, alcohols

A

substances with high lipid solubility that can dissolve directly in the lipid bilayer

107
Q

lipid

A

the cell membrane is permeable to ___-soluble molecules

108
Q

water

A

the cell membrane is impermeable to ___-soluble molecules

109
Q

ion channels, protein channels, carrier proteins

A

facilitate the diffusion of water soluble molecule to be able to pass through the membrane

110
Q

permeability

A

the ease with which molecules cross biological membranes

111
Q

hydrophobic core

A

only lipid-soluble molecules and some small molecules are able to freely pass through the lipid bilayer because of its ___

112
Q

FALSE

A

True or false: ions and large polar molecules can pass through the lipid bilayer

113
Q

size, electrical nature

A

The permeability of a molecule through the membrane depends on its ___ and ____.

114
Q

high

A

membrane permeability of hydrophobic, nonpolar, or fat-soluble molecules

115
Q

high

A

membrane permeability of small, uncharged polar or water-soluble molecules

116
Q

low

A

membrane permeability of large, uncharged polar molecules

117
Q

low

A

membrane permeability of charged, molecular species (e.g. ions)

118
Q

membrane transport protein

A

Membrane-impermeant molecules and ions cross the membrane with the aid of a specific ___.

119
Q

Oxygen (O2)

A

The most permeable substance across the cell membrane

120
Q

Sodium Ions

A

The least permeable substance across the cell membrane

121
Q

Oxygen > Water > Glucose > Sodium Ions

A

What is the gradient of permiability of substances across the cell membrane

122
Q

Aquaporins

A

Transmembrane proteins that easily allows the rapid passage of water

123
Q

Protein channels and carrier-mediated/facilitated diffusion

A

Impermeable water-soluble substances diffuses through the cell membrane using?

124
Q

Selectively permeability and gated-pores

A

Two important characteristics of protein channels

125
Q

Selective permeability / specificicty

A

Characteristics such as the shape, diameter, electrical charges and chemical bonds contribute to the _______ of the protein channel

126
Q

Gated-pores

A

Means of controlling permeability of protein channels

127
Q

Voltage-gated

A

A type of gated protein channels that are regulated by electrical signals / charges

128
Q

Chemical/Ligand-gated

A

A type of gated protein channels that are regulated by the presence of a certain substance resulting in a confomational change

129
Q

Sodium Channels

A

An example of voltage-gated protein channel

130
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

An example of a ligand-gated protein channel

131
Q

Non-gated channels

A

Aqueous pores, aquaporins, perforins, and nuclear pores are examples of ______ which are always open

132
Q

Diameter of pore (Size) and electrical charges

A

Provides the selectivity and specificity of pores

133
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Type of proteins that are used in both facilitated diffusion and active transport

134
Q

Vmax

A

The maximum rate of diffusion where the rate of diffusion cannon be higher than this value

135
Q

Specificity, saturation, competitive inhibition

A

Carrier proteins have the following characteristics

136
Q

Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT 4)

A

An example of a carrier protein

137
Q

Both are passive processes requiring no usage of energy (ATP)

A

Simple and facilitated diffusion are similar because _____

138
Q

Concentration gradiet, electrical potential difference, and pressure differences

A

Driving force of both facilitated and simple diffusion

139
Q

high to low

A

Simple and facilitated diffusion always occur in a ____ direction

Module 1A (5 decks)

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