1-2 Anatomy Flashcards
FRONT (QUESTION)
BACK (ANSWER)
Which stain is used in histology that binds to acidic structures and appears blue?
Hematoxylin
What is the shortest distance at which two points can be seen as separate called in microscopy?
Resolving power
What is the most commonly used fixative in the preparation of histologic specimens?
10% formaldehyde
Which type of electron microscope provides a 3-dimensional view of a structure or cell?
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Identify the step in histologic specimen preparation where xylene is generally used.
Clearing
What is the name of the red acid dye that binds to basic structures in histologic staining?
Eosin
Which process involves the use of protein coagulants or cross-linking agents to allow maximum preservation of structures?
Fixation
What process follows fixation and involves running tissue samples through a series of increasing concentrations of organic solvent?
Dehydration
What is the name of the stain that colors glycogen and carbohydrate-rich molecules magenta?
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Stain
Name the step in histologic specimen preparation that involves placing the specimen on a slide warmer.
Mounting
What heavy metal is typically used to coat a specimen in scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?
Gold or Palladium
Identify the acid dye used to color reticular fibers black in histological staining.
Silver Stain
What material is used to wipe the surface of the glass slide during mounting?
Egg albumin
It is where the specimen is placed to facilitate drying and ensure specimen remains flat on slide during mounting.
Slide warmer
Name the process in histology where tissue is made firm enough to allow very thin slices to be made.
Embedding
Which part of the light microscope magnifies the image from the objective lens?
Ocular Lens or Eyepiece
Which type of electron microscope produces a negative image on electron-sensitive film?
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Name the step in preparing histologic specimens that follows embedding, involving the trimming and slicing of the paraffin-embedded tissue.
Sectioning
Name the branch of anatomy that deals with the macroscopic morphology of the human body as seen with the naked eye.
Gross Anatomy
Which structure in a cell is typically stained blue by hematoxylin due to its acidic nature?
Nucleus
This step in preparing histologic specimens aims to facilitate drying and to make sure that the specimens remain flat on the slide.
Mounting
HPO is used under 10x Eyepiece lens microscope. What is the total magnification?
400x Total Magnification (Formula: Magnification of Objective Lens x Magnification of Eyepiece)
Which objective lenses are only used when studying very minute parts of specimens like individual cells or parts of cells?
HPO and OIO
What happens when a sample is viewed beyond the resolving power of the microscope?
empty magnification; no essential details can be viewed further
Enumerate: types of micrscopes
light micrscope: compound light microscope; electron microscope: transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope
Why is the light micrcoscope considered a compound microscope?
it uses several lenses to magnify an image
How is an image formed using the light microscope?
light beam is focuses > passes thorugh the specimen > enters objective lens > magnified by ocular lens
Enumerate: 4 objective lenses and its respective magnifications
scanning: 4x
low power: 10x
high power: 40x
oil immersion: 100x
Enumerate: types of ocular lenses
monocular
binocular
How is the total magnification identified?
magnification of objective lens x eyepiece
True or false: biological specimens are inherently of high contrast hence staining allows easier identification of parts
false: low contrast
Identify the stain used in this photomicrograph
hematoxylin and eosin
Identify the stain used in this photomicrograph
periodic acid schiff
Identify the stain used in this photomicrograph
best’s carmine stain
Identify the stain used in this photomicrograph
silver stain
In order: what are the steps in preparation of histologic specimens using the he&e stain?
- obtaining the specimen
- fixation
- dehydration
- clearing
- embedding
- sectioning
- mounting
- deparaffinization and staining
Enumerate: two main types of electron microscope
tranmission electron microscope
scanning electron microscope
What are the important components used per step in preparing histolgoic specimens?
Obtaining the specimen: tissue sample near time of removal/de4th
Fixation: 10% buffered formalin/ 10% formaldehyde
Dehydration: organic solven (ethanol)
Clearing: xylene
Embedding: melted paraffin
Sectioning: specimen, paraffin, water bath
Mounting: egg albumin
Deparafinization and stianing: xylol, stain
What is the basic morphological and functional unit of all living things?
Cell
It is capable of independent existence as long as its environmental conditions are favorable.
Cell
What type of organism pertains to macroscopic organisms including humans?
Unicellular Organisms
This results from the union of the male gamete (sperm cell; spermatozoon) and the female gamete (ovum).
Zygote (fertilized ovum)
What is the multiplication of the fertilized ovum and the differentiation of its progenies eventually giving rise to an extremely complex organism?
Mitosis
What are the cells that perform the same general functions and are linked together by some amount of intercellular material and/or cell-to-cell junctions?
Tissues
What do you call the tissues, in varying portions, that bond together to form more complex functional structures?
Organ
Organs that have interrelated functions grouped together are called _______.
Organ System
Give at least 8 components of the cell.
Cell membrane (cm), Mitochondria (mi), Microvilli (mv), Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), Ribosomes (ri), Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), Nucleus (ne), Nucleolus (nu), Chromatin (ch), Peroxisome (pe), Golgi complex (Gc), Lysosomes (ly), Centrosome (cs), Centrioles (ce), & Protein (pr)
What are the variations in the morphology of cells?
Neuron, Neutrophil, Hepatocytes, Oocyte, & Skeletal Muscles
Cells of the body vary in (1)______, (2)______, and (3)______, not only among the different cell types but also among cells of the same cells.
Size, Shape, Form
Because of the white morphological variations, human cells, and other eukaryotic cells do not share common basic structures. (true/false)
FALSE. They share common basic structures despite white morphological variations.
Cells consist of mass of cytoplasm, encased by cell membrane, and a nucleolus, a structure that is encased by a nuclear envelope embedded in the cytoplasm. (true/false)
FALSE. Nucleolus must be nucleus.
Cells vary by function or activity. (true/false)
TRUE
Cell membranes merely serve as an envelope that delimits the cells from their surroundings.
FALSE. The cell membrane provides various functions for the cell and the body.
What are cell membranes mainly made up of?
Phospholipids, Protein molecules, Cholesterol, & Polysaccharides
What is the typical size of a cell membrane?
8-10 nm
What do you call the structure of the cell membrane?
Trilaminar
What is a trilaminar structure?
An electron-lucent line sandwiched by two electron-dense layers.
Give at least 3 functions of a cell membrane.
- Protects the cell
- Delimits the cell from its surroundings
- It determines which substance can move in and out of the cell and it regulates the movement of these substances.
- It provides attachment for the skeleton of the cells
- Provides binding sites for the receptors for enzymes and other substances
- Allow cell to cell recognition
- In many cell types, it forms specialized junctions with the cell membrane of adjacent cells or the extracellular matrix.
What are the 3 parts of a phospholipid molecule?
1 head & 2 tails
What part of the phospholipid molecule is globular, polar, and hydrophilic, and consists of a gylycerol?
Head
What part of the phospholipid molecule is slender, non-polar, and hydrophobic?
Tail
What type of bonds link the fatty acids to the head?
Covalent bonds
What region of the phospholipid bilayer does the tail occupy?
Inner region
True or false, the tail is the electron-dense region that we can observe using the TEM
False, electron-lucent
The phospholipid molecules layered in what way to form the phospholipid bilayer?
closely opposed layers
True or false, the phospholipid bilayer allows water, gases, and few polar molecules to pass freely.
False, non-polar molecules
What accounts for 1/2 the total mass of the cell membrane?
Protein molecules
True or false, all transmembrane proteins are integral proteins, but not all integral proteins are transmembrane proteins.
TRUE
Thse type of proteins are loosely bound to the outer or inner surface of the membrane
Peripheral Proteins
List the four Membrane protein functions
Transport of substances, Enzymatic activity, Signal transduction and Cell to cell recognition
These molecules help in decreasing the cell’s permeability to water-soluble substances.
Cholesterol
Where are Cholesterol molecules usually found?
In between spaces of phospholipid molecules
What forms do polysaccharides mostly take within the membrane?
glycolipid and glycoprotein
Thi is a thin layer of amorphous electron-dense material, that allows for cell-to-cell recognition, cell-to-cell adhesion and immunological response,
Glycocalyx
The thickness of the trilaminar entity depends on?
The amount of protein content
True or false, the cell membrane is not a unit membrane.
FALSE
Where can we find the specialized junctions formed by the cell membrane?
in localized regions of the cell membrane that are in contact with other with other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM)
What term do we use to discribe the fingerlike cytoplasmic processes that allow for cell-to-cell attachments?
interdigitation
Identify the two types of junctional complexes that cells form with neighboring cells or with the extracellular matrix.
Occluding and Adhesive
This term refers to tight junctions or closing belt
Zonula occludens
List the several types of adhesive junctions
Zonula adherens, Fascia adherens, desmosome, and hemidesmosome
What do you call the junctions that enable the cells to communicate with each other?
Gap junction
What is the folded structure in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Cristae
In the endoplasmic reticulum, the rough and smooth ERs are differentiated by attached structures. What are these attached substances?
Ribosomes
True or False. The higher the viscosity of the cytoplasmic matrix, the lower the number of fibrillar elements.
FALSE
What’s wrong in this statement. All mitochondria in all cells of the body originate from the sperm cells as mother’s eggs do not contribute to the cytoplasmic component in the formation of zygote.
Sperm cells and mother’s eggs are interchanged. All mitochondria in all cells of the body originate from the MOTHERS EGGS.
Which of the following form the supporting framework that maintains the shape and internal organization of the cell? A. Cytosol B. Incusions C. Fibrillar elements D. Organelles
c. Fibrillar Elements
It is the principal source of energy for various metabolic processed of the cell.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
What DNA can only be found outside the nucleus? A. Perosixmal B. Ribosomal C. Lysosomal D. Mitochondrial
D. Mitochondrial
Who is our lecturer on the cell?
Dr. S. Remulla
Ribosomes are sites for what synthesis?
Protein synthesis
It is the most extensive membrane-bound structure in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Aside from lens fibers, what other cell is devoid of organelles? A. Mature WBC B. Immature WBC C. Mature RBC D. Immature RBC
C. Mature RBC
Ribosomes are produced in what part of the cell?
Nucleolus
Which RNA type is responsible for the connection of clusters of ribosomes? A. tRNA B. mRNA C. rRNA
B. mRNA
What makes the surface of the rough ER rough?
Presence of ribosomes and polyribosomes
Identify whether the given function is performed by the rough ER or the smooth ER: Protein processing and transport to Golgi complex
Rough ER
Identify whether the given function is performed by the rough ER or the smooth ER: Lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
Identify whether the given function is performed by the rough ER or the smooth ER: detoxification
Smooth ER
Identify whether the given function is performed by the rough ER or the smooth ER: carbohydrate metabolism
Smooth ER
This type of ER has more cisternae and vesicles
Rough ER
Smooth ER has _____ with few cisternae and vesicles
tubules
Which is more extensive in most cells? rough ER or smooth ER?
Rough ER
What is the function of hepatocytes as specialized form of smooth ER?
detoxification
What is the function of muscle cells as specialized form of smooth ER?
sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium storage
It is a dynamic organelle capable of remodeling, disassembly, and assembly, and interaction with other organelles.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
It is an organelle several layers of membrane-bound, smooth-surfaced, and flattened tubes (cisternae) that are stacked on top of each other in a semicircular manner.
Golgi complex
TRUE OR FALSE. Golgi complex is membrane-bound.
TRUE
rounded dilatations (vesicles) on their lateral ends and their cavities are filled with fluid
Cisternae
When viewed under LIGHT microscope, golgi complex appears as network of solid strands impregnated with ____ or _____
silver salts; osmium
TRUE OR FALSE: Golgi complex is distinguishable when H&E stains were used.
FALSE. Not distinguishable.
It is the resulting image of Golgi complex in H&E preparations were used.
Negative golgi complex
It is pale region adjacent to the nucleus in cells with intensely basophilic cytoplasm
Negative golgi complex
The cytoplasm of golgi complex is _____ during H&E preparation
basophilic
TRUE OR FALSE: Golgi complex is distinguishable under electron microscope.
TRUE
What are the two faces of golgi complex
cis and trans face
It is the convex surface of the golgi complex
cis face
Other term for cis face
forming face
It is the face wherein it acts as the receiver of the transfer vesicles from the ER
cis face
Other term for trans face
maturing face
It is the type of vesicle that is pinched off from the trans (maturing) face.
secretory vesicle
This contains chemical containing pouches that float freely in the cytoplasmic matrix
Lysosomes
The hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosomes are from?
Golgi complex
TRUE OR FALSE: Lysosomes are distinguishable by histochemical methods that identify their hydrolytic enzymes
TRUE
Lysosomes are active at what pH level?
5
Lysosomes are inactive at what pH level?
7.2
Lysosomal enzymes of osteoclasts were released INTRAcelullarly or EXTRAcellularly?
Extracellularly
Where do lysosomal enzymes come from?
Golgi complex
TRUE OR FALSE: Lysosomes can be distinguished in H&E preparations
FALSE. Indistinguishable under H&E
It is the type digestion of foreign substances brought into the cell via phagocytosis
Heterophagy
It is the type digestion of the cell’s own unneeded structures
Autophagy
It is the process of engulfing materials
Phagocytosis
cells capable of phagocytosis are referred to as?
phagocytes
This term refers the protrusions of the membrane at the binding site during phagocytosis
pseudopodia
resulting membrane-bound structure in phagocytosis
phagosome
It is the first organelle that detects the phagosome
primary lysosome
hydrolytic enzymes of the primary lysosome mixed with the digested material results to?
secondary lysosome
other term for secondary lysosome
phagolysome
Residual bodies in phagocytsosi can be removed in the cells through?
Exocytosis
Residual bodies accumulate in lipofuschin stain as?
lipochrome
It is an organelle that is membrane-bound spherical bodies that contain oxidases and hydrolases
Peroxisome
YES OR NO: Is peroxisome membrane-bound?
Yes
This aids in the detoxification and catabolism of various substances and some can result to hydrogen peroxide
Oxidases
Cells use the _____ in their peroxisomes to catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water
catalase
This enzyme prevents cytotoxic effects of hydrogen peroxide
catalase
The enzyme of peroxisome came from?
free ribosomes
The enzyme of lysosome came from?
Golgi complex
It is referred as the microtubule organizing center (MTOC)
centrosome
Centrosome is made up by:
2 centrioles and centriolar satellite
The two centrioles are collectively called as?
diplosome
Centrioles are surrounded by granular structures made up of protein called
centriolar satellite
It is the site of microtubule assembly and production
centrosome
What are the structures that were derived from the centrosome?
psyllium and flagella
It is a tubular structure made of electron-dense wall surrounding an electron-lucent space
centrioles
The wall of centrioles is made up of how many groups of microtubules?
9
Each group (triplet) of centrioles consist _____ microtubules.
3
What structure connects the innermost microtubule of a triplet is to the outermost microtubule of the adjacent triplet of microtubules?
fine filaments
centrioles are sources of?
mitotic spindles, cilia, and flagellum
Do centrioles divide or bud?
Bud
The _____ pull the sister chromatids apart during mitosis and disappears during telophase
mitotic spindles
It means affinity to basic dye.
Basophilic
It means affinity to acidic dye.
Acidophilic or Eosinophilic
A type of microscope that uses the electrons that has been transmitted through the specimen.
Transmission Electron Microscope
In this type of microscope, it gathers the electrons that has bounced off the specimen.
Scanning Electron Microscope
Among the 2 types of electron microscope, which type has a greater resolving power?
Transmission Electron Microscope
Give the stains that give off magenta or red color when in contact with glycogen.
Periodic Acid Schiff stain and Best Carmine stain
