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Psychology > 7, Biological Bases: The Brain and Nervous System > Flashcards

7, Biological Bases: The Brain and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

physiological psychology

A

study of behavior as influenced by biology

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2
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

measures subtle changes in electrical brain activity through electrode on the head

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3
Q

CAT scan (computerized axial tomography scan)

A

Cross-sectional X-ray images stacked to make a 3D model

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4
Q

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

uses very powerful electromagnets and radio waves to generate 3D structural information about the brain

only one snapshot - does not model movement in the brain

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5
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

rapid sequencing of MRI scans, allows for MRI technology to see brain activity instead of just a snapshot

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6
Q

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

A

provides images via diffusion of radioactive glucose in the brain

more glucose present = more work being done in that part of the brain

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7
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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8
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all nerves in the body outside of brain and spinal cord

  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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9
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls nonskeletal (smooth) muscles, such as the heart and digestive tract

  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
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11
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • associated with energy-burning processes
  • responsible for fight-or-flight reaction
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12
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • responsible for conserving energy
  • counteracts the sympathetic nervous system when not needed anymore
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13
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

increase in heart rate and respiration, decreased digestion and salivation

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14
Q

hindbrain

A
  • oldest part of brain evolutionarily
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • reticular activating system (RAS)
  • pons
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15
Q

cerebellum

A

controls muscle tone and balance

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16
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls involuntary action
- breathing, digestion, heart rate, structural
- basic life functions

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17
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A
  • controls wakefulness and alertness
  • also called reticular formation
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18
Q

pons

A
  • Latin for bridge
  • passes neural information from one brain region to another
  • involved in REM sleep
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19
Q

midbrain

A

main components are tectum and tegmentum

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20
Q

tectum

A
  • roof of the brain
  • governs visual and auditory reflexes along with tegmentum
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21
Q

tegmentum

A
  • floor of the brain
  • governs visual and auditory reflexes along with tegmentum
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22
Q

forebrain

A
  • contains limbic system
  • cerebral cortex
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23
Q

limbic system

A
  • emotional center of the brain
  • thalamus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • hypothalamus
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24
Q

thalamus

A
  • relays sensory information
  • receives and directs sensory information from auditory and visual systems
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25
Q

hippocampus

A
  • processes and integrates memories
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26
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

damage to hippocampus, does not invoke memory loss because memories are stored elsewhere, but prevents formation of new memories

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27
Q

amygdala

A

implicated in expression of anger, frustration, fear

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28
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls:
- temperature and water balance of the body
- hunger and sex drive
- activation of sympathetic nervous system and
endocrine system

divided into lateral and ventromedial hypothalami, the combination of which regulates eating behavior

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29
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

the ‘on switch’ for eating

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30
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

the ‘off switch’ for eating

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31
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled outer layer of the brain
- sensory and motor cortexes
- left and right cerebral hemispheres
- corpus callosum
- Broca’s area
- Wernicke’s area
- split-brain
- contralateral processing
- association areas

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32
Q

sensory cortex

A

receives sensory input

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33
Q

motor cortex

A

sends out motor information (movement)

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34
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A

concerned with logic, language processing, control of right side of the body

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35
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A

concerned with creativity, learning, controls left side of the body

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36
Q

corpus callosum

A

band of connective nerve fiber between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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37
Q

Paul Broca

A
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38
Q

Broca’s area

A
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39
Q

expressive aphasia

40
Q

Carl Wernicke

41
Q

Wernicke’s area

42
Q

receptive aphasia

43
Q

Roger Sperry

44
Q

split-brain patients

45
Q

contralateral processing

46
Q

association areas

47
Q

apraxia

48
Q

agnosia

49
Q

alexia

50
Q

agraphia

51
Q

frontal lobe

52
Q

parietal lobe

53
Q

temporal lobe

54
Q

occipital lobe

55
Q

optic chiasm

56
Q

nerves

58
Q

dendrites

60
Q

myelin sheath

61
Q

nodes of Ranvier

62
Q

terminal buttons

63
Q

synapse

64
Q

neurotransmitters

65
Q

resting membrane potential

66
Q

leak channels

67
Q

nerve impulse (action potential)

68
Q

excitatory

69
Q

inhibitory

70
Q

enzymes

71
Q

reuptake

72
Q

acetylcholine

73
Q

serotonin

74
Q

dopamine

76
Q

glutamate

77
Q

norepinephrine

78
Q

endorphins

79
Q

neuroplasticity

80
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

81
Q

hormones

82
Q

pituitary gland

83
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

84
Q

adrenal glands

85
Q

epinephrine

86
Q

thyroid gland

87
Q

thytoxine

88
Q

traits

89
Q

dominant trait

90
Q

recessive trait

91
Q

genotype

92
Q

phenotype

93
Q

heritability

94
Q

enviromentality

95
Q

nature vs. nurture debate

96
Q

Down syndrome

97
Q

Huntington’s cortex

Psychology (8 decks)

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