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Psychology > 5, Foundations: History > Flashcards

5, Foundations: History Flashcards

1
Q

psychology

A

study of behavior and mind

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2
Q

behavior

A

observable actions of a person or animal

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3
Q

mind

A

sensations, memories, motives, emotions, thoughts, other subjective things regarding an individual that are not readily observed

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4
Q

brain

A

command center of central nervous system

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5
Q

René Descartes

A

early modern philosopher who endorsed dualism in humans. He believed that all things operated like machines except for people, who have individuality

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6
Q

dualism

A

dividing the world into two parts - the body and the spirit

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7
Q

John Locke

A

extended Descartes’s application of natural laws to everything, even the mind is under the control of them.

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8
Q

empiricism

A

acquisition of truth through observation and experience

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9
Q

tabula rasa

A

Latin for blank slate; humans are born knowing nothing; Locke’s theory

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10
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

philosopher who believed that the idea of the soul, spirit, or mind are useless

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11
Q

materialism

A

only things that exist are matter and energy

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12
Q

Charles Darwin

A

philosopher who proposed the theory of natural selection and evolution

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13
Q

evolutionary theory

A

a way to explain the roots of human behavior using the theory of evolution

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14
Q

natural selection

A

one animal bigger and better than other animal so other animal dies and big animal passes on genes instead, thus animals get better and better

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15
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

German psychologist, said to be the founder of the science of psychology. opened a laboratory to study consciousness in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

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16
Q

structuralism

A

looks for patterns in thought, illuminated through interviews with a subject who describes their conscious experience.

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17
Q

Edward Titchener

A

student in Wundt’s laboratory and one of the first to bring psychology to the USA

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18
Q

introspection

A

the interview process of structuralism. looking for patterns in thought, illuminated through interviews with a subject who describes their conscious experience.

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19
Q

William James

A

American psychologist who opposed structuralism. what is important is the function of the mind. started functionalism as such

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20
Q

functionalism

A

understand how the mind fulfills its purpose

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21
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

advocate for rights of mentally ill poor people, important in the founding of the first public mental hospital in the USA

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22
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

first female graduate student in psychology, denied PhD because of her gender

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23
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first female PhD in psychology and second female president of the APA

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24
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first president of the APA

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25
Q

humanistic approach

A

studying roles of consciousness, free will, and awareness of the human condition.

26
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanist, proposed idea of self-actualization

27
Q

self-actualization

A

need for a person to reach their full potential in a creative way

28
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanist, stressed role of unconditional positive regard in interactions and a need for positive self-concept as critical for in attaining self-actualization

29
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

self-explanatory

30
Q

psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approach

A

focuses on resolution of unconscious conflicts using recovery of repressed memories and information

31
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

developed psychoanalytic school of psych. concerned with individuals and their mental problems. distinction between conscious and unconscious mind

32
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A
  • concerned with peoples’ mental problems
  • distinction between conscious and unconscious mind
  • personality strongly influenced by childhood and relationship with parents
  • resolve unconscious conflict through recovery of repressed information
33
Q

conscious mind

A

mental state of awareness that we have ready access to

34
Q

unconscious mind

A

mental processes that are not normally accessible but still influence thoughts, feelings, behaviors

35
Q

repressed

A

buried in the unconscious

36
Q

sociocultural approach

A
  • environment in which a person lives influences their behavior and others’ perception of that behavior greatly
  • cultural values vary between societies, and this must be taken into account if one is to understand behavior
37
Q

evolutionary approach

A

behavior is explained by its usefulness in our survival; fear keeps us alive, thus we act with it when needed

38
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

one must investigate biological, psychological, and social factors when studying behavior

39
Q

domain

A

broad area of psychological research

40
Q

biological psychology

A
  • seeks to understand interaction between anatomy, physiology (in particular of the nervous system), and behavior
  • applies biological experimentation to psychological problems, often uses brain scans
41
Q

behavioral genetics

A

explores how behavior can be attributed to genetics
(to what extent can adolescent risk-taking be attibuted to genetics?)

42
Q

behaviorism

A
  • psychology is the study of observable behavior
  • uses classical and operant conditioning
43
Q

John Watson

A

behaviorist psychologist who did the Little Albert experiment

44
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • first studied by Ivan Pavlov
  • a behavior can be learned by presenting a previously neutral stimulus alongside a positive/negative one
  • Pavlov’s dog: bell rung when the dog was given food, and later on when the bell was rung the dog salivated even without food being there
45
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • coined operant conditioning
  • Skinner box guy
46
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning through reward and punishment

47
Q

behavior modification

A

techniques where psychological problems are considered to be resultant of learned habits, and these can be unlearned

48
Q

cognitive psychology

A

to understand someone’s behavior, we need to understand how they think

49
Q

domain - biological

A

a question concerning a drug’s effect on someone’s behavior would fall here

50
Q

domain - social

A

a question about how a drug effects someone’s relationships with their family would fall here

51
Q

domain - clinical

A

a question about how to treat a drug addict would fall here

52
Q

domain - cognitive

A

a question about how a drug user thinks to justify the use would fall here

53
Q

domain - counseling

A

a question about how a school counselor would talk to a student about drugs would fall here

54
Q

domain - developmental

A

a question about what age someone becomes more susceptible to peer pressure would fall here

55
Q

domain - educational

A

a question about how effective school-based programs are would fall here

56
Q

domain - experimental

A

dealing with experiments falls here

57
Q

domain - industrial-organizational

A

dealing with workplaces falls here

58
Q

domain - personality

A

dealing with personality falls here

59
Q

domain - psychometric

A

dealing with how to measure things in psychology falls here

60
Q

domain - positive

A

dealing with the positive aspects and strengths of human behavior falls here

Psychology (8 decks)

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