Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LABMP 400 > 7&8 Cell Pathology 1&2 > Flashcards

7&8 Cell Pathology 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. List and describe (3) examples of disease caused by organelle dysfunction.
A
  1. Bloom Syndrome
  2. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
  3. Lysosomal storage diseases (eg niemann-pick)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define epithelium

A

Cells lining the interface between the internal and external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 7 types of epithlium?

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple Columnar
  4. Stratified squamous
  5. Stratified cuboidal
  6. Pseduostratified columnar
  7. Transitional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the three germ layers

A
  • 3 Germ Layers
    1. Endoderm (internal) – lung cells (alveolar cells), thyroid cells, Digestive cells (pancreatic cell)
    2. Mesoderm (middle) — Cardiac/skeletal mm smooth mm in gut, tubule cells (kiidney) RBC
    3. Ectoderm – Skin cells of epidermis, Neuron on brain, Pigment cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the major features of the cell cycle

A
  • G1 -> S -> G2 -> M
  • G1: growth and centrosome duplication
  • Restriction point: DNA damage (G1/S checkpoint)
  • S: Chromosome duplication (DNA synthesis)
  • G2
  • Check pt for damaged/unduplicated DNA (G2/M checkpoint)
  • M: Mitosis
  • Cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe and differentiate between the various types of cellular adaptation and provide examples of each

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • increase in size of cells = increase in size of affected organ
  • Physiologic: Increased muscle from weight lifting; uterine enlargement during pregnancy
  • Pathologic: Increase in Left Ventricular muscle wall thickness in systemic hypertension and aortic stenosis
  • Hyperplasia
  • increase in # of cells in an organ or tissue in response to stimulus
  • occurs if cell division is possible, may occur concurrently with hypertrophy
  • Physiologic: Hormonal & GFs
  • Compensatory: Residual tissue growth after removal or loss of part of an organ
    Pathologic: Most caused by excessive hormone or growth factor stimulation (edometrial hyperplasia, HPV infection of skin and mucosa)
    If stimulus is removed = hyperplasia disappears
    elevates risk of acquiring genetic aberrations that drive unrestrained proliferation and cancer
  • Atrophy :
  • Decrease in cell size and number leading to decrease in size of organ or tissue
  • Physiologic: loss of embryologic structures such as notochord, decrease in size of uterus following parturition
  • Pathologic: decreased workload (g immobilization of a fracture)
  • Loss of innervation (eg nerve injury)
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Diminished blood supply
  • Hypoplasia and Aplasia
  • When cell numbers fail to increase in expected
  • Aplasia = no cell proliferation
  • Hypoplasia = less cell proliferation than normal
  • Eg: Aplastic anemia = bone marrow failure; Hypoplastic left heart = failure of normal heart growth and development
  • Metaplasia
  • Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type
  • Often represents an adaptive response
  • once cell type sensitive to a particular stress replaced by another cell type better able to withstand the stress
  • Examples:
  • Transformation zone in uterine cervix (squamous epithelium replaces columnar)
  • Barrett esophargus
  • Replacement of squamous by columnar epithelium containing intestinal goblet cells, in response to acid reflux
  • Chronic irritation of respiratory tract: columnar to squamious
  • New cell type may not be capable of all functions of original cell type
  • increased risk of malignant transformation if stimulus persists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define:
* Parenchyma:
* Stroma:

A

Define:
* Parenchyma:
* composed of primary functional cells of an organ
* Stroma:
* tissue that fiorms the supporting framework of an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define and give examples of Hypertrophy

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • increase in size of cells = increase in size of affected organ
  • Physiologic: Increased muscle from weight lifting; uterine enlargement during pregnancy
  • Pathologic: Increase in Left Ventricular muscle wall thickness in systemic hypertension and aortic stenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define and give examples of: Hyperplasia

A
  • Hyperplasia
  • increase in # of cells in an organ or tissue in response to stimulus
  • occurs if cell division is possible, may occur concurrently with hypertrophy
  • Physiologic: Hormonal & GFs
  • Compensatory: Residual tissue growth after removal or loss of part of an organ
    Pathologic: Most caused by excessive hormone or growth factor stimulation (edometrial hyperplasia, HPV infection of skin and mucosa)
    If stimulus is removed = hyperplasia disappears
    elevates risk of acquiring genetic aberrations that drive unrestrained proliferation and cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define and give examples of: Atrophy

A
  • Atrophy :
  • Decrease in cell size and number leading to decrease in size of organ or tissue
  • Physiologic: loss of embryologic structures such as notochord, decrease in size of uterus following parturition
  • Pathologic: decreased workload (g immobilization of a fracture)
  • Loss of innervation (eg nerve injury)
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Diminished blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define and give examples of Hypoplasia and Aplasia

A
  • Hypoplasia and Aplasia
  • When cell numbers fail to increase in expected
  • Aplasia = no cell proliferation
  • Hypoplasia = less cell proliferation than normal
  • Eg: Aplastic anemia = bone marrow failure; Hypoplastic left heart = failure of normal heart growth and development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe and give examples of Metaplasia

A
  • Metaplasia
  • Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell type
  • Often represents an adaptive response
  • one cell type sensitive to a particular stress replaced by another cell type better able to withstand the stress

Examples:
* **Transformation zone in uterine cervix **(squamous epithelium replaces columnar)
* Barrett esophagus: Replacement of squamous by columnar epithelium containing intestinal goblet cells, in response to acid reflux
* Chronic irritation of respiratory tract: columnar to squamious

  • New cell type may not be capable of all functions of original cell type
  • increased risk of malignant transformation if stimulus persists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe and differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis.

A

Necrosis : process of cell death characterized by structural failure and injury to neighbouring cells
ALWAYS PATHOLOGIC
Apoptosis programmed cell death characterized by organized disassembly and safeguarding neighbouring cells
can be physiologic or pathologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List physiologic and pathologic examples of apoptosis.
What is the inflammatory Response stimulated by apoptosis?

A
  • Physiologic Apoptosis:
    —Programmed cell death in embryogenesis
    Involution of hormone-dependent tissue - menstrual cycle
    —Cell removal in proliferating cell populations - intestinal crypts
    —Elimination of cells that have served their purpose: lymphocytes at completion of immune response
    —Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells - tumors and viral infections
  • Pathological:
    –elimination of cells whose DNA damaged beyond repair by radiation, cytotoxic drugs etc
    —Cell loss with misfolded proteins (eg some neurodegenerative diseases) or ischemic injury

DOES NOT STIMULATE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Cancer often characterized by loss of normal apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Inflammation

A
  • A response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites of infection and cell damage in order to eliminate the offending agents
  • Protective response required for survival
  • Can have deleterious effects
  • Described as Acute or Chronic
  • Denoted with -itis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute vs Chronic Inflammation
* Onset
* Cellular Infiltrate
* Tissue injury, fibrosis
* Local and systemic signs

A

see table

17
Q

Describe the steps of an inflammatory response.

A
  1. Recognition of the stimulus for inflammation: microbes and their products, tissue necrosism foreign bodies, hypersensitivity
  2. Recruitment: of leukocytes and plasma proteins into the tissue: exodus of leukocytes and plasma proteins from blood into tissue (exudate)
  3. Removal: of stimulus: Mainly performed by phagocytic cells
  4. Regulation of the response; inflammatory reaction needs to be turned off
  5. repair series of events that heal damaged tissue; regeneration of surviving cells; filling of residual defects with connective tissue (scarring)
18
Q

Describe and differentiate between a transudate and an exudate.

A

Transudate Low protein content, few cells; decreased colloid osmotic pressure (decreased protein synthesis (liver disease); increased protein loss (kidney disease)
Exudate High protein content, may contain some white and red cells; fluid and protein leakage; Inflammation (vasodilation and stasis; increased interendithelial spaces)

19
Q

List important mediators of the inflammatory response and examples of the physiological effects of cytokines.

A
  • Vasoactive Amines: histamine and serotonin
  • Lipid Products (prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
  • Cytokines (including chemokines) = messenger molecules; eg TNF and IL-1
    — Fever, development of cellular and humoral immune response, induction of inflammatory response, regulation of hematopoiesis, control of cellular proliferation and differentiation and induction of wound healing;
  • ## Products of complement activation
20
Q

Define sepsis, septic shock and systemic inflammatory response (SIRS).

A

Sepsis: Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection
Septic shock: subset of sepsis with profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities (Shock = circulatory failure -> impaired tissue perfusion -> organ dysfunction or failure)
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS): sepsis-like condition associated with systemic inflammation; triggered by nonmicrobial insult (burns, trauma, pancreatitis)

21
Q

Describe and differentiate between regeneration and scarring

A

Regeneration = restoration of normal cells
- division of differentiated cells (liver)
- Differentiation of tissue stem cells (skin, gut epithelium)

Scarring = Deposition of connective (fibrous) tissue
- if tissue cant regenerate or is too badly damaged to regenerate
- fibrous scar provides structural integrity but not much else

22
Q

Both SIRS and Septic shock involve a marked increase in ________ from _______

A

Both SIRS and Septic shock involve a marked increase in inflammatory mediators from immune cells
– arterial vasodilation, vascular leakage, venous blood pooling -> tissue hypoperfusion, cellular hypoxia, metabolic derangements -> organ dysfunction or failure

LABMP 400 (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions