20 Neoplasia 1 Flashcards
Define tumor
Technically: any swelling or growth
-Inflammatory/ Reactive
-Neoplastic
- Generally equated with neoplasm
Define Neoplasm
Abnormal mass whose growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue
- Persists even after cessation of stimulation
- Genetic alterations are passed down to progeny (monoclonal)
- Can be benign or malignant
Define benign
- Remains localized
- Generally amedable to surgical removal
- Pt usually survives
- EXCEPTIONS: benign metastasizing leiomyoma // uncontrolled local growth
Define malignant
- Invades and destroys adjacent structures
- Ability to spread to distant sites (metastasize)
- Ability to cause death
Define cancer
a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body
Compare and contrast the general characteristics of benign and malignant tumors
Benign:
-Small
-Well demarcated
-Slow growing
-noninvasive
-nonmetastatic
-Well differentiated
Malignant:
-Large
-poorly demarcated
-rapidly growing w. hemorrhage & necrosis
-locally invasive
-metastatic
-poorly differentiated
Describe the nomenclature of tumors based on
- Germ cell layer of origin
- Malignant potential
Germ cell layer of origin:
-Epithelial
-Mesenchymal (ct; endothe; mm; blood)
-Melanocytes
-Mixed tumors
Malignant Potential:
-Benign
-Malignant
-Other:
–borderline
–low malignant potential
How do you name a benign neoplasm?
Mesenchymal neoplasms
- Fibrous tissue = ?
- Cartilagenous tissue = ?
- Smooth mm = ?
- Sk. mm. = ?
- bone = ?
Epithelial neoplasms
- ? (from glands)
- ? (finger-like or warty projection)
- ? (cystic structures)
Melanocytic neoplasms
- ?
Add -oma
Mesenchymal neoplasms
- Fibrous tissue = fibroma
- Cartilagenous tissue = chondroma
- Smooth mm = leiomyoma
- Sk. mm. = rhabdomyoma
- bone = osteoma
Epithelial neoplasms
- Adenoma (from glands)
- Papilloma (finger-like or warty projection)
- Cystadenomas (cystic structures)
Melanocytic neoplasms
- Nevi
Nevi = a birthmark or a mole on the skin, especially a birthmark in the form of a raised red patch
Naming Malignant Neoplasms:
Mesenchymal neoplasms: Add ? to cell of origin
- Fibrous tissue: ?
- Carilagenous tissue: ?
- Sm. mm: ?
- Sk mm: ?
- Bone: ?
Epithelial neoplasms:
- Glands - ?
- Squamous epithelium: ?
Melanocytic neoplasms
- ?
Blood and Lymphocyte neoplasms:
- ?, ?
Mesenchymal neoplasms: Add -sarcoma to cell of origin
- Fibrous tissue: fibrosarcoma
- Carilagenous tissue: Chondrosarcoma
- Sm. mm: leiomyosarcoma
- Sk mm: rhabdomyosarcoma
- Bone: osteosarcoma
Epithelial neoplasms:
- Glands - Adenocarcinoma
- Squamous epithelium: Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanocytic neoplasms
- Melanoma
Blood and Lymphocyte neoplasms:
- leukemia, lymphoma
List common exceptions to nomenclature conventions
- “-oma” suffix in malignant neoplasms:
-melanoma
-lymphoma
-mesothelioma -
Teratoma: -oma suffix, gender, age, and maturation determine malignant potential
-mature cystic teratoma = benign
-Immature teratoma - malignant
-Males - ALL malignant except in boys and adolescents
Three germ cell layers:
- Ectoderm - skin, nails, hair, lens, neural tube
- Mesoderm - Skeletal mm; bone; connective tissue
- Endoderm - GI tract, glands, auditory tube/inner ear, bladder/urethra; etc
What are the four main categories of malignant neoplasms?
- Carcinoma
- Sarcoma
- Melanoma
- Leukemia/lymphoma
Describe the four main categories of malignant neoplasms:
1. Carcinoma
2. Sarcoma
3. Melanoma
4. Leukemia/lymphoma
Carcinoma: epithelial neoplasm
-endoderm, ectoderm
-EXCEPTIONS: kidney, reproductive organs, lower urogenital tract - intermidiate mesoderm
Sarcoma: mesenchymal neoplasm
-Mesoderm
Exceptions: H&N mesenchyme - ectoderm; PNS - ectoderm
Melanoma: A melanocytic neoplasm
-Ectoderm
Leukemia/lymphoma: blood or lymph node neoplasm
-Lateral plate mesoderm
