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Exercise testing and prescription > 7,8 - Assess, Body Comp > Flashcards

7,8 - Assess, Body Comp Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 purposes of the assess step? (step 2)

A
  • select assessment options and administer protocols
  • determine health benefit ratings
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2
Q

what is the detailed objective of selecting assessment options and administer procotols?

A

detailed examination of the client’s physical activity, fitness, and lifestyle

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3
Q

what is the detailed objective of determine health benefit ratings?

A

discern the client’s health benefit ratings with the help of objective, evidence-based standardized tests

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4
Q

name the useful tools for the assess step

A
  • physical activity & sedentary behaviour questionnaire (PASB-Q)
  • stages of change questionnaire (SOC-Q)
  • body composition
  • aerobic
  • musculoskeletal
  • quick reference: health benefit ratings
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5
Q

name the components of body composition used in the assess step

A

height, weight, BMI, waist circumference

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6
Q

name the components of aerobic used in the assess step

A

mCAFT, treadmill walk, 1-mile walk, or cycle test

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7
Q

name the components of muskuloskeletal in the assess step

A

grip strength, push up, sit & reach, vertical jump, back extension, forearm plank, one leg stance, y balance test

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8
Q

name the order of assessments

A

body comp>aerobic>msk (might lose water through sweat during exercise, and don’t want muscles to limit aerobic activity
*tests that come before have less impact on the ones after

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9
Q

what is are the body composition measures sometimes called now?

A

anthropometrics since they are surface measures and not different mass components

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10
Q

what age population is the treadmill test good for?

A

older sedentary people

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11
Q

what are the benefits of the cycle test?

A
  • not maxed out
  • non weight bearing
  • a little more accurate for estimating V02
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12
Q

What best practices do you need to keep in mind before administering assessments? (5)

A
  • choose appropriate fitness assessment battery given your client’s goals and history
  • ensure testing location and equipment is appropriate (space, privacy, calibrated equipment in good working order)
  • explain purpose of each test protocol and relate it to client’s goals/health
  • avoid pushing client beyond their limit
  • delay providing advice until entire assessment is complete
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13
Q

why should you delay providing advice until after you finish your assessments?

A

want to have the whole picture before making inferences about fitness
*fit/fat phenomenon!

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14
Q

describe aerobic assessment data collection sheets

A
  • these tools include a data collection form, post-exercise recovery procedure, and equations to predict V02max specific to each protocol. The health benefit ratings are also included
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15
Q

describe the quick reference: health benefit ratings used in the assess step

A
  • this tool includes the health benefit ratings used for the PASB-Q and the aerobic and MSK fitness assessment protocols
    *getting number for fitness means nothing unless you have comparative data
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16
Q

what are considerations for body comp testing & prescription?

A
  • sex and aging
  • body image and eating disorders
  • scales vs other signs of progress
  • types of fat and explaining the role of each
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17
Q

why is it important to consider the role of age and body composition testing & prescription?

A
  • as you age, you get an increase in fat mass and decrease in lean mass (muscle mass and bone mass)
  • starts around 30 yo, but also based on lifestyle changes
  • can maintain muscle mass with lifestyle but muscle adapts slower
  • motor units start dropping out at age 70
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18
Q

why is it important to consider sex in body composition testing and prescription?

A

in females the fat mass tends to be more evently distributed but in males it tends to be in abdominal region

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of fat?

A

subcutaneous and visceral

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20
Q

name the location of subcutaneous fat

A
  • under skin, skinfold caliper test
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21
Q

name the location and function of visceral fat

A
  • around organs, has some essential fat for insulation, protection, energy sources (yellow bone marrow)
22
Q

which type of fat has more cardiovascular disease risk?

A
  • visceral, released into blood stream more easily
23
Q

why is body composition important when considering weight?

A
  • could have same weight and bmi but different composition
  • measurements don’t tell the full picture
24
Q

describe the distribution of fat in an pear shape

A

lots of fat mass below the waist (bigger hip to waist ratio)

25
Q

describe the distribution of fat in an apple shape

A

abdominal fat (more risk)

26
Q

name direct methods to measure body composition

A

mri, ct, dxa
*measure fat mass vs lean tissue

27
Q

name indirect methods of measuring body comp

A

Lab based
- hydrostatic weighing, bodpod
- more accurate than field methods

Field methods
- skin folds, BIA, BMI, waist circumference
- data correlated with health outcomes

*use indirect measures to predict how much fat you have

28
Q

how does bia work?

A

gives measure of percent body mass with a current

29
Q

how does skinfold work?

A

gives measures of subcuteneous fat to predict overall percent body fat

30
Q

in an MRI, the body is placed _

A

in a strong magnetic field resulting in some of the hydrogen protons becoming realigned

31
Q

what happens when the magnetic field is turned off in an mri?

A

hydrogen protons lose their alignment and release energy. This energy release varies depending on tissue type and is monitores & displayed along length of body. Radio waves are used to “read” ion patterns

32
Q

list the components of an MRI

A
  • radio frequency coil (detects signals, energy released is different depending on tissue)
  • gradient coils
  • magnet
  • scanner
  • patient table
33
Q

describe the MRI pros and cons

A
  • can reconstruct 3d image, accurate
  • can measure visceral vs sub q fat
  • can’t gives % BF bc not looking at whole body
  • NOT a whole-body measure
  • expensive & difficult to access
    *don’t care about body composition to use it
34
Q

provide the full name for CT

A

computed tomography

35
Q

describe CT scans

A
  • uses x-rays passed throuh the body with detectors on other side of body to monitor transmitted radiation
  • tranmitter rotates 460 degrees around body along length
  • more accurate determination of visceral adipose than MRI
  • can reconstruct 3d image
  • not a whole-body measure
  • often paired with dexa
36
Q

why might someone not recommend a CT?

A
  • accurate but expensive and difficult to access
  • not recommended due to the radiation dose (will never do full body ct)
37
Q

define DXA

A

duel-energy x ray absorptiometry

38
Q

describe DXA

A
  • low dose x rays with 2 distinct energy peaks, one peak is absorbed mainly by soft tissue and the other bone
  • attenuation of x-rays is dependent on tissue density and chemistry
  • estimate of bone mineral, fat and lean soft tissue mass
  • accounts for individual variability in bone mineral content
39
Q

body composition models are used to estimate

A

body fat (fat and FFM)

40
Q

in a 2 component model, what does the fat category consist of?

A
  • visceral
  • subcutaneous
41
Q

in a 2 component model, what does FFM consist of?

A
  • residual chemicals
  • bone
  • muscle
  • water
  • organs/tissues
    *ions and proteins also
42
Q

the 2 component modeul uses a measure of body density to estimate % BF. What 5 assumptions are we making?

A
  • density of fat = 0.901 g/cc
  • density of FFB - 1.1 g/cc
  • no individual variations in density
  • density of FFB components are constant and proportions are constant
  • individuals only differ from reference body in amount of fat (73.8% water, 19.4% protein, 6.8% mineral)
43
Q

some indirect methods use densitometry to determine %BF, how does this work?

A
  • total body density (Db) is estimated from the ratio of body mass to body volume (Db = BM/BV)
  • body volume measurement: hydrostatic weighing or ari displacement plethysmography
  • e.g. general equation for hydrostatis weighing: BV = ((BM-net UWW)/density of water)-(RV+GV)
44
Q

how does hydrostatic weighing work?

A
  • measure someone’s BM on land and then submerge under water, measure change in body weight
  • changein BW is directly proportional to body volume
  • if you have more fat mass, it will help you float and give you more volume
  • muscle mass will make you weight more, will float less
45
Q

describe hydrostatic weighing

A
  • used to determine body density and % fat
  • previously considered gold standard
  • weight loss under water is proportional to volume of water displaced
46
Q

what are the equations used in hydrostatic weighing?

A
  • BV = BM-UWW
  • BV must be corrected for air in lungs after max expiration (residual volume)+gastrointestinal volume (100 ml)
  • Db = BM/BV
47
Q

what are the limitations of hydrostatic weighing?

A
  • breathing out & gastrointestinal volume
  • will tell people to not eat super gaseous food in the days leading up
48
Q

what are metholodological errors in hydrostatis weighing using load cells and platform

A
  • fixed body density values for fat mass and FFM
  • inaccurate estimation of residual volume
  • failure to eliminate trapped gas
  • failure to liberate air trapped in bathing suit or body heair
  • failure to exhale to true residual volume
  • variability in temperature
49
Q

air displacement plethysmography/bod pod uses what to estimate volume?

A
  • air displacement
    *pressure volume relationship (P1P2-V2/V1)
  • will alrer pressure while in bod pot to estimate volume
50
Q

why do people have to wear a swim cap and a tight fitting bathing suit in the bod pod? why might air inside lungs/breathing affect it?

A

need to account for hair, thoracic gas volume and body surface area
*otherwise it’ll look like you have more fat mass
- air inside lungs/breathing will affect the total volume measures (some of air going in lungs)

51
Q

how does the 2 chamber setup of the bodpod system work

A
  • front and rear chamber connected by diaphragm
  • oscillations produce volume changes = pressure changes
  • volume and pressure measured when empty
  • body volume is calculated from difference with and without client
52
Q

list the calculations the computer of the bodpod does in order

A
  • body volume with and without client
  • use volume and mass to get density
  • use density + ppredictive equations for the different ethnicities to get % BF

Exercise testing and prescription (8 decks)

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