7,8 - Assess, Body Comp Flashcards
What are the 2 purposes of the assess step? (step 2)
- select assessment options and administer protocols
- determine health benefit ratings
what is the detailed objective of selecting assessment options and administer procotols?
detailed examination of the client’s physical activity, fitness, and lifestyle
what is the detailed objective of determine health benefit ratings?
discern the client’s health benefit ratings with the help of objective, evidence-based standardized tests
name the useful tools for the assess step
- physical activity & sedentary behaviour questionnaire (PASB-Q)
- stages of change questionnaire (SOC-Q)
- body composition
- aerobic
- musculoskeletal
- quick reference: health benefit ratings
name the components of body composition used in the assess step
height, weight, BMI, waist circumference
name the components of aerobic used in the assess step
mCAFT, treadmill walk, 1-mile walk, or cycle test
name the components of muskuloskeletal in the assess step
grip strength, push up, sit & reach, vertical jump, back extension, forearm plank, one leg stance, y balance test
name the order of assessments
body comp>aerobic>msk (might lose water through sweat during exercise, and don’t want muscles to limit aerobic activity
*tests that come before have less impact on the ones after
what is are the body composition measures sometimes called now?
anthropometrics since they are surface measures and not different mass components
what age population is the treadmill test good for?
older sedentary people
what are the benefits of the cycle test?
- not maxed out
- non weight bearing
- a little more accurate for estimating V02
What best practices do you need to keep in mind before administering assessments? (5)
- choose appropriate fitness assessment battery given your client’s goals and history
- ensure testing location and equipment is appropriate (space, privacy, calibrated equipment in good working order)
- explain purpose of each test protocol and relate it to client’s goals/health
- avoid pushing client beyond their limit
- delay providing advice until entire assessment is complete
why should you delay providing advice until after you finish your assessments?
want to have the whole picture before making inferences about fitness
*fit/fat phenomenon!
describe aerobic assessment data collection sheets
- these tools include a data collection form, post-exercise recovery procedure, and equations to predict V02max specific to each protocol. The health benefit ratings are also included
describe the quick reference: health benefit ratings used in the assess step
- this tool includes the health benefit ratings used for the PASB-Q and the aerobic and MSK fitness assessment protocols
*getting number for fitness means nothing unless you have comparative data
what are considerations for body comp testing & prescription?
- sex and aging
- body image and eating disorders
- scales vs other signs of progress
- types of fat and explaining the role of each
why is it important to consider the role of age and body composition testing & prescription?
- as you age, you get an increase in fat mass and decrease in lean mass (muscle mass and bone mass)
- starts around 30 yo, but also based on lifestyle changes
- can maintain muscle mass with lifestyle but muscle adapts slower
- motor units start dropping out at age 70
why is it important to consider sex in body composition testing and prescription?
in females the fat mass tends to be more evently distributed but in males it tends to be in abdominal region
what are the 2 types of fat?
subcutaneous and visceral
name the location of subcutaneous fat
- under skin, skinfold caliper test
name the location and function of visceral fat
- around organs, has some essential fat for insulation, protection, energy sources (yellow bone marrow)
which type of fat has more cardiovascular disease risk?
- visceral, released into blood stream more easily
why is body composition important when considering weight?
- could have same weight and bmi but different composition
- measurements don’t tell the full picture
describe the distribution of fat in an pear shape
lots of fat mass below the waist (bigger hip to waist ratio)
describe the distribution of fat in an apple shape
abdominal fat (more risk)
name direct methods to measure body composition
mri, ct, dxa
*measure fat mass vs lean tissue
name indirect methods of measuring body comp
Lab based
- hydrostatic weighing, bodpod
- more accurate than field methods
Field methods
- skin folds, BIA, BMI, waist circumference
- data correlated with health outcomes
*use indirect measures to predict how much fat you have
how does bia work?
gives measure of percent body mass with a current
how does skinfold work?
gives measures of subcuteneous fat to predict overall percent body fat
in an MRI, the body is placed _
in a strong magnetic field resulting in some of the hydrogen protons becoming realigned
what happens when the magnetic field is turned off in an mri?
hydrogen protons lose their alignment and release energy. This energy release varies depending on tissue type and is monitores & displayed along length of body. Radio waves are used to “read” ion patterns
list the components of an MRI
- radio frequency coil (detects signals, energy released is different depending on tissue)
- gradient coils
- magnet
- scanner
- patient table
describe the MRI pros and cons
- can reconstruct 3d image, accurate
- can measure visceral vs sub q fat
- can’t gives % BF bc not looking at whole body
- NOT a whole-body measure
- expensive & difficult to access
*don’t care about body composition to use it
provide the full name for CT
computed tomography
describe CT scans
- uses x-rays passed throuh the body with detectors on other side of body to monitor transmitted radiation
- tranmitter rotates 460 degrees around body along length
- more accurate determination of visceral adipose than MRI
- can reconstruct 3d image
- not a whole-body measure
- often paired with dexa
why might someone not recommend a CT?
- accurate but expensive and difficult to access
- not recommended due to the radiation dose (will never do full body ct)
define DXA
duel-energy x ray absorptiometry
describe DXA
- low dose x rays with 2 distinct energy peaks, one peak is absorbed mainly by soft tissue and the other bone
- attenuation of x-rays is dependent on tissue density and chemistry
- estimate of bone mineral, fat and lean soft tissue mass
- accounts for individual variability in bone mineral content
body composition models are used to estimate
body fat (fat and FFM)
in a 2 component model, what does the fat category consist of?
- visceral
- subcutaneous
in a 2 component model, what does FFM consist of?
- residual chemicals
- bone
- muscle
- water
- organs/tissues
*ions and proteins also
the 2 component modeul uses a measure of body density to estimate % BF. What 5 assumptions are we making?
- density of fat = 0.901 g/cc
- density of FFB - 1.1 g/cc
- no individual variations in density
- density of FFB components are constant and proportions are constant
- individuals only differ from reference body in amount of fat (73.8% water, 19.4% protein, 6.8% mineral)
some indirect methods use densitometry to determine %BF, how does this work?
- total body density (Db) is estimated from the ratio of body mass to body volume (Db = BM/BV)
- body volume measurement: hydrostatic weighing or ari displacement plethysmography
- e.g. general equation for hydrostatis weighing: BV = ((BM-net UWW)/density of water)-(RV+GV)
how does hydrostatic weighing work?
- measure someone’s BM on land and then submerge under water, measure change in body weight
- changein BW is directly proportional to body volume
- if you have more fat mass, it will help you float and give you more volume
- muscle mass will make you weight more, will float less
describe hydrostatic weighing
- used to determine body density and % fat
- previously considered gold standard
- weight loss under water is proportional to volume of water displaced
what are the equations used in hydrostatic weighing?
- BV = BM-UWW
- BV must be corrected for air in lungs after max expiration (residual volume)+gastrointestinal volume (100 ml)
- Db = BM/BV
what are the limitations of hydrostatic weighing?
- breathing out & gastrointestinal volume
- will tell people to not eat super gaseous food in the days leading up
what are metholodological errors in hydrostatis weighing using load cells and platform
- fixed body density values for fat mass and FFM
- inaccurate estimation of residual volume
- failure to eliminate trapped gas
- failure to liberate air trapped in bathing suit or body heair
- failure to exhale to true residual volume
- variability in temperature
air displacement plethysmography/bod pod uses what to estimate volume?
- air displacement
*pressure volume relationship (P1P2-V2/V1) - will alrer pressure while in bod pot to estimate volume
why do people have to wear a swim cap and a tight fitting bathing suit in the bod pod? why might air inside lungs/breathing affect it?
need to account for hair, thoracic gas volume and body surface area
*otherwise it’ll look like you have more fat mass
- air inside lungs/breathing will affect the total volume measures (some of air going in lungs)
how does the 2 chamber setup of the bodpod system work
- front and rear chamber connected by diaphragm
- oscillations produce volume changes = pressure changes
- volume and pressure measured when empty
- body volume is calculated from difference with and without client
list the calculations the computer of the bodpod does in order
- body volume with and without client
- use volume and mass to get density
- use density + ppredictive equations for the different ethnicities to get % BF
