7/27/16 Flashcards
all children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis should get what test?
slit-lamp eye exams to look for anterior uveitis (can lead to blindness if not treated with steroids)
what is blount disease?
bowing of unilateral/bilateral tibia that persists beyond 2 years of age, needs to be corrected by bracing or it will lead to permanent growth disturbances
what substance withdrawal or intoxication: hypertension, cherry red skin, diaphoresis, arrhythmia
hydrogen cyanide poisoning
what substance withdrawal or intoxication: constricted pupils, bradycardia, muscle fasciculations, diaphoresis, diarrhea, excessive salivation
organophosphate poisoning
beyond what age is strabismus concerning?
4 months
a child with recurrent otitis media, some with perforation, who presents with a discrete, whitish polyp that extends through the tympanic membrane
cholesteatoma
what substance withdrawal or intoxication: CNS depression, respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils
opioid (i.e., heroin, methadone, morphine) intoxication (tx with naloxone)
name the deficiency: redness and blebs or blisters on skin that exfoliate leaving large areas of denuded epithelium, diarrhea, tongue is erythematous and smooth with loss of papillae, abnormal gait
niacin (pellagra = dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)
IUGR, low-pitched cry, confluent eyebrows, long curly eyelashes, limb defects (micromelia), undescended testes
cornelia de lange syndrome
VACTERL associaton
Vertebral defect, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, TracheoEsophageal fistua, Renal/Radial defect (or both), Limb abnormalities (intelligence is normal)
what substance withdrawal or intoxication: vomiting, tinnitus, fever, anion gap metabolic acidosis = what is the treatment?
salicylate (aspirin) toxicity (tx with sodium bicarbonate)
sx of malaria
high spiking PAROXYSMS of fever, headache, myalgia, back pain with SPLENOMEGALY, and pallor after traveling in Central America
dx and tx: nonbloody diarrhea and low grade fever after eating “bad raspberries”
cyclospora cayetanensis; TMP/SMX
tx for diphyllobothrium latum
praziquantel
what is the teratogen: renal dysgenesis, oligohydramnios, skull ossification defects
ACE inhibitor
extremely pruritic serpiginous rash on foot after walking barefoot on a beach = dx and tx?
ancylostoma duodenale (cutaneous larva migrans); albendazole or pyrantel pamoate
6 month old infant with a harsh blowing holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border that radiates over the precodium
VSD
what should you consider when you see diarrhea, cracked lips, glossitis, and pallor in a pt treated for seizures?
phenytoin leading to folate deficiency
what vitamin is used for tx of measles?
vitamin A
when is intradermal skin test using candida albicans used?
when you suspect DiGeorge syndrome (children with low calcium, frequent infections, seizures, wide-set down-slanting eyes, small jaw, murmur); will show no response due to lack of T cells
what antipsychotic can cause irreversible retinal pigmentation?
thioridazine
what antipsychotic can cause deposits in lens and cornea
chlorpromazine
what antipsychotic can cause obstructive jaundice?
chlorpromazine
what antipsychotic can cause sialorrhea (production of large amount of saliva)?
clozapine (tx with clonidine)
tx for extrapyramidal sx (dytonia, parkinsonism) caused by antipsychotics
benztropine, diphenhydramine
tx for akathisia caused by antipsychotics
reduce dose as much as possible, if it persists, propranolol
what antidepressant can cause seizures in anorexic/bulimic pts?
bupropion
what labs need to be checked before starting lithium?
BUN, Cr (baseline kidney function), thyroid studies (lithium inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormone and its release from thyroid)
what dementia: emotional and social appropriateness are lost first, memory deteriorates later
frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease, caused by silver-staining tau protein aggregates)
what dementia: initially dementia and hallucinations , followed by parkinsonian features
lewy body dementia (haLewycinations)
describe sx of Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke encephalopathy: bilateral abducens nerve (CN6) palsy, horizontal nystagmus, ataxia, and global confusion
Korsakoff syndrome: anterograde amnesia caused by chronic thiamine deficiency, confabulation
describe CT/MRI findings of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
periventricular hemorrhage and necrosis of mammillary bodies
alzheimer disease = decreased ______, treated with _____
acetylcholine; acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, tacrine, or memantine (NMDA receptor antagonist)
describe the function of the dopamine pathways in schizophrenia: tuberoinfundibular, nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, prefrontal cortical
tuberoinfundibular: blocking dopamine in this pathway = hyperprolactinemia
nigrostriatal: blocking dopamine in this pathway = extrapyramidal side effects
mesolimbic: blocking dopamine in this pathway = controls positive sx of schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions)
prefrontal cortical: inadequate dopamine in this pathway causes the negative sx of schizophrenia (flat affect, social withdrawal)
ddx for dilated pupils
cocaine, amphetamine, or LSD intoxication or opioid (i.e., methadone, heroin, morphine) withdrawal
tx for opioid withdrawal
clonidine (immediate), buprenorphine (first-line for detox), methadone (long-term)
what substance withdrawal or intoxication: belligerence, vertical nystagmus, fever, homocidality; what is the treatment?
PCP intoxication; place pt in a quiet, dark, low stimulation room
tx for restless leg syndrome
levodopa or dopamine agonist (pramipexole)
which sleep disorder occurs during REM sleep? which occurs during slow-wave sleep (stage 3-4)?
REM: nightmare disorder (no confusion or disorientation upon wakening, vivid recall)
stage 3-4: sleep terror disorder (confused and disoriented upon wakening, amnesic about episode)
what is REM sleep behavior disorder and what is the tx?
muscle atonia during REM sleep and complex motor activity associated with dream mentation (sleep talking, yelling, walking, running, punching or other violent behaviors); tx with clonazepam
tx for hypoactive sexual desire disorder
testosterone
tx for premature ejaculation
SSRIs (fluoxetine), TCAs
describe Rett disorder
only in GIRLS, normal development during first 5 months after birth, followed by DECREASING RATE OF HEAD GROWTH and loss of previously learned purposeful hand skills; STEREOTYPED HAND MOVEMENTS (hand wringing, washing), impaired language and psychomotor retardation
tx for tourette disorder
clonidine
child who avoids social interactions but does well in school, talks like he is reading a monologue
asperger disorder
children understand irreversibility of death by what age?
7-8
what is an alternate therapy for bulimic pts who have failed 2 trials of SSRIs?
topiramate
what is catatonia?
“waxy flexibility,” “pt exhibits posturing and resists your motions with strength proportional to what you exert”; sx of schizophrenia
tx for nightmares in PTSD
prazosin
recommended length of tx for major depressive disorder
at least 6 months
tx for bipolar depression
lithium, quetiapine, or lamotrigine
tx for acute mania
antipsychotic and benzodiazepine (mood stabilizers such as lithium and carbamazepine take about 1 week to show effects)
what is the consequence of a pregnant pt taking SSRIs?
persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn