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Self Study Questions > 6th Step SSQ > Flashcards

6th Step SSQ Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Per APM rule P-20, when should you re-tailboard?
A

When the supervisor is not present at job site and either expected job conditions are found to be different from initial tailboard or later change, work will be stopped until the supervisor is notified by the involved employee(s) and an agreement of how to safely handle the new conditions will be reached before work proceeds.
Reference: APM P-20-6

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2
Q
  1. What is the procedure when additional crewmembers arrive to assist on the job?
A

Before the start of each job or in the event the scope of the job changes, every supervisor or lead person must call his/her crew together and outline the proper work procedure to be followed in such a manner that the following will be accomplished:
1. Each employee will understand the purpose and critical steps of the job.
2. Each employee will understand what he/she is to do.
3. Each employee will understand what the other employees involvement in the work assignment are to do.
4. Each employee will understand the supervisor’s manner of fulfilling the work assignment, including understanding the criteria for backing out of a job when unexpected conditions arise and what to do in the event of an emergency.
5. Each employee will understand the hazards or trouble spots involved and will take the necessary actions to overcome such problems and, if applicable, what personal protective equipment (PPE) will be required.
6. Each employee must be notified by the supervisor or other employee in charge of the conditions or clearance of lines or equipment before work is started. Where applicable, the supervisor must notify each employee of any change to the conditions or status of lines or equipment. When the supervisor is not present at job site and either expected job conditions are found to be different from initial tailboard or later change, work will be stopped until the supervisor is notified by the involved employee(s) and an agreement of how to safely handle the new conditions will be reached before work proceeds.
Reference: APM P-20

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3
Q
  1. What is the procedure when an accident occurs regarding property damage?
A

d. Property Damage.
1. All accidents resulting in damage to the property of others must immediately be reported by the first employee having knowledge thereof to the Company personnel or office designated in Policy P-14 e.
2. When an incident or accident occurs involving a vehicle, boom, or mobile equipment, the Transportation Services Duty Phone, (909) 224-5219 must be notified.
3. Do not make statements admitting liability or indicating that the Company will make a settlement.
Reference: APM P-14 (d)

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4
Q
  1. When is a clearance required?
A

706 to work on an electric line or some piece of operating equipment which is inherently too hazardous to work on while in service, and has been de-activated or de-energized, in a prescribed manner and placed in a safe condition to be worked on.
105-b. Clearances are required to work on de-energized generating station or substation apparatus or equipment which is normally energized above 600 Volts.
105-c. Clearances are required to work on de-energized lines or line sections above 600 Volts. When clearances are required, they must be taken in accordance with Section 700 of the Accident Prevention Manual.
Reference: APM 105, 706

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5
Q
  1. What must be done or considered before making a system parallel?
A

7.1 Distribution System Parallels without Subtransmission Back-up
Note: If possible, a back-up parallel at the 115 kV or 66 kV source stations shall be made.
1. Before granting permission to make such a parallel, the GCC Transmission Dispatcher shall determine what, if any, preliminary steps may be required to assure a successful system parallel operation.
2. If an excessive exchange of power is noted when the distribution line parallel is made, the jurisdictional System Operator shall make every effort to reduce the exchange of power or to break the parallel using a circuit breaker.
x If a circuit breaker is not available and the exchange of power flow cannot be reduced, notify the GCC Transmission Dispatcher and request they take steps to assist in the reduction power exchange.
3. When breaking distribution system parallels in the field, a gas or oil switch should be utilized when possible.
Reference: SOB 301 7.1

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6
Q
  1. Can you feed a 4-wire circuit with a 3-wire circuit?
A

2.6 Switching on Three Wire and Four Wire Circuits
1. Any three-wire circuit can be carried from a four-wire circuit.
2. A four-wire circuit can be carried from a three-wire circuit on a temporary basis provided that PWRD field personnel can assure the jurisdictional Switching Center System Operator that a continuous neutral wire from the four-wire load back to the source station for the three-wire circuit exists.
3. If a continuous neutral does not exist on the three-wire circuit, all phase to neutral load must be removed.
Reference: SOB 301 2.6

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7
Q
  1. Whom do you communicate with before you perform a procedure involving an outage?
A

The contractor or distribution field personnel shall notify the Switching Center and the Distribution Operations Center (DOC) of their work location, including switching, as it helps in locating service complaints or trouble calls that are received and allows for the updating of the Outage Management System (OMS) graphic displays.
Reference: SOB 304

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8
Q
  1. What are the steps necessary to transfer a clearance?
A

If a qualified person holding a clearance to work on lines or equipment desires to transfer the clearance to another qualified person, the person holding the clearance must call the Grid Control Center, Switching Center, or station operator and report that it is desired to transfer the clearance to a second qualified person, giving the second person’s name. The second person must then take a clearance on the line or equipment, after which the first person must release the clearance. (Personal grounds must be transferred at the same time if still applied.) The second person must then be responsible for releasing the clearance on the line or equipment at the completion of the work.
Reference: APM 709

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9
Q
  1. Distribution switching program requests to the Program Writer require a minimum of working days prior to the implementation of the switching program
A

14 days
Reference: SOB 104-6.2.3

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10
Q
  1. What are “no test orders?” What is the purpose of having “no test orders?”
A

A “No Test Order” is a formal statement issued and recorded under a prescribed procedure by an authorized person to a qualified person declaring that if certainspecified energized distribution line(s) or substation equipment of 33 kV or below is deenergized, it will not be re-energized, by any method, without the consent of the person to whom the “No Test Order” was issued.
The purpose of the “No Test Order” is to provide a formal procedure by which a qualified person, at his/her request, will receive a guarantee that a line or equipment will not be re-energized when the nature of the work is such that the re-energizing would be hazardous to personnel.
1. The intent of an NTO is to provide a formal process by which a Qualified Electrical Worker (QEW) could receive a guarantee that a distribution voltage line or piece of equipment, in the proximity of their work area, will not be re-energized following an event that causes a relay operation of the subject line or equipment.
Reference: SOB 314

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11
Q
  1. What are the four R’s for switching on 4 kV?
A

Reclosers - Make Recloser solid
Reads - Take Readings
Regulators - Block Regulators and turn off control
Relays - Make ground Relay solid
Reference: 6’” Step Apprentice Manual, Chapter 9

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12
Q
  1. What are the three reasons we install AR’s?
A
  1. TO PROVIDE PROTECTION
    Where a circuit extends a great distance, there may not be enough fault current available at the end of the circuit to relay back at the source.
  2. TO CHANGE THE MODE OF PROTECTION
    If it is desired to place a restriction on a portion of a circuit such as Bulletin #322.
  3. TO SECTIONALIZE
    In an area where there is a great number of faults from various causes.
    Reference: 6’ Step Training Manual, Automatic Reclosers
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13
Q
  1. What should be considered when breaking a parallel with KPF switch?
A

Validate Procedure, is it Routine or Emergency?
Verify location (geographically & electrically)
Visually inspect and verify status/ attitude of device
Communicate with Switching Center - Load reads before & after
Reference: 6’ Step Training Manual, Switching Techniques

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14
Q
  1. What is the maximum parallel/ current a KPF switch can break under any construction?
A

If the switch does not have “cat whiskers,” normally the parallel may be broken up to 100 AMPS for all types of construction.
100- No whiskers
150- 12’ no overbuild
350- With whiskers
Reference: 6’ Step Training Manual, Switching Techniques

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15
Q
  1. List the steps necessary to bypass a field voltage regulator safely.
A

NOTE: Voltage regulator controls require energized 120-volt power to operate.
1. Note the following in the log book:
a. Maximum positions that the regular has raised or lowered
b. The present step position
c. The counter reading
2. Put the regulator control in the “MANUAL” position (disables the automatic
controller operation).
3. Put the regulator in the “NEUTRAL” position by actuating the control to raise or
lower the regular.
4. De-energize the control by opening the breaker or switching to “OFF” position.
5. Close the bypass switch.
6. Open the load (L) disconnects.
7. Open the source (S) disconnects. (Note: for WYE connected regulators, OPEN the neutral disconnects last)
Reference: DOM TR-4

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16
Q
  1. What are the following pencil colors used for when entering in logbooks?
A

When clearances are to be issued on lines, the Switching Center or Grid Control Center must state to all the station operators concerned, after they report completion of the switching, “There will be personnel at work on the (Line Name).” This will be the authority for the station operator to place “Personnel at Work” signs or tags on the proper switch-handles or controls, and so forth, and enter in red in the log that personnel are working on the designated line. Such signs or tags are not to be removed except on the order of the Grid Control Center or Switching Center, and then only after the Grid Control Center or Switching Center has verified and stated that, “All personnel are clear of the (Line Name)” and this statement has been entered in the log in blue.
Reference: APM 705 D

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17
Q
  1. What is a clearance?
A

Definition. A clearance is the formal authorization, officially issued to a qualified person, at that person’s request, to work on an electric line or some piece of operating equipment which is inherently too hazardous to work on while in service, and has been de-activated or de-energized, in a prescribed manner and placed in a safe condition to be worked on.
This authority carries with it a statement of the status of the line or equipment and is a guarantee that this status will not be changed in any way which might be detrimental to the safety of personnel
Reference: APM Rule 706

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18
Q
  1. Define Current, Voltage and Resistance. What is the formula that defines the relationship of Volts, Amps and Ohms in a DC circuit? Using this formula, what happens to current if the voltage decreases?
A

Current: It is the flow of electrons through a circuit. Current is measured in amperes (amp). Amperage is the rate of flow of electrons.
Voltage: is the driving force that makes electrons flow through the circuit. It is measured in volts (v). Common sources are batteries and generators.
Resistance: is the electrical quantity that opposes the flow of electrons. It is the difficult encountered in trying to push electrons through matter. It is measured in ohms. All matter offers some resistance. An insulator offers a great deal of resistance while a conductor offers little resistance.
E = Ix R where:
E: Electromagnetic force (volts)
I: Intensity of current (amp)
R: Resistance (ohms)
Current decreases if voltage decreases
Reference: 2nd Step Training Manual, Ohm’s Law

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19
Q
  1. How many steps up and down does a 10% step regulator have?
A

33 total
16 Boost (raise), 16 Buck (lower), and neutral position.
5/8 of a % per step
.75 volts on the secondary side
Reference: 6’ Step Training Manual, Regulators

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20
Q
  1. What is the purpose of a field regulator?
A

Regulators are a form of autotransformer that will increase (boost) or decrease (buck) the unregulated voltage applied to it.
Reference: 6*” Step Training Manual, Regulators

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21
Q
  1. What would happen if a regulator were bypassed without being set to neutral?
A

Closing a bypass when the regulator is on manual and not on zero step will cause a high circulating current, which will destroy the regulator.
Reference: 6’ Step Training Manual, Regulators

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22
Q
  1. Should the ground relays be blocked when paralleling two circuits using single-blade disconnects? Why?
A

Yes. To prevent lines from relaying on imbalance.
Reference: DOM, SOB 309, page 7

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23
Q
  1. Explain the terms Feeder and Feedback as it relates to 2.4/4.16 kV Primary Distribution System.
A

The 2.4/4.16 kV Primary Distribution System is a feeder system that primarily uses three-phase feeder or bus-voltage regulation at the substation to maintain desired voltage atthe load center. The maximum capacity (200 A, 300 A or 400 A) or the circuit is limited by the regulator.
At one time, the 2.4/4.16 kV system was designed such that the feeding point and the load center were the same. Generally, no load was connected to the feeder between the substation and the feeding point. Mainlines radiate from the center of distribution and all loads are supplied by these mainlines. The main lines generally running back parallel to the feeder are called the feedback.
Reference: DDS-10, 3.1

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24
Q
  1. From what do grounds protect the worker?
A

Properly applied grounds will protect the worker from the hazards of accidental energizing of circuits or conductors as a result of:
Inadvertent closing of breakers, taps, switches, or fuses
Crossings
Backfeed
Induction
Static Charge
Warning: Work on or from structures shall be disconnected with an electrical storm in the immediate vicinity.
Reference: OGM, 2.1

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25
Q
  1. What are the key steps in the grounding process?
A

Conduct an active tailboard
Determine grounding requirements (size)
Inspect grounds before use
Clean ground connections
Test conductors de-energized
Apply proper grounds
Remove grounds
Reference: OGM, 3.0

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26
Q
  1. What fault duty are #2, 2/0 and 4/0 grounds rated?
A

2 = 9,000 A

2/0 = 18,000 A
4/0 = 30,000 A
Reference: OGM, Table 3-1

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27
Q
  1. How often are grounds tested?
A

Every two years
Reference: OGM, 5.1

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28
Q
  1. List the grounding schemes in order of priority.
A

Parallel
Balanced
Unbalanced
Reference: OGM. 3.6.13

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29
Q
  1. Describe the potential hazard/ concerns of a grounded Wye capacitor bank.
A

With 2 phases closed and one phase open full phase current will return through the primary neutral and affect the A-4 at the sub.
Reference: 4’ Step Training Manual, Capacitor Banks

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30
Q
  1. Explain APM Rule 204, testing lines and equipment.
A

Electrical equipment and lines must always be considered as energized unless they are positively known to be de-energized. Before starting work, preliminary inspection or test must be made to determine what conditions exist.
Reference: APM Rule 204

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31
Q
  1. What procedure should you follow if a switch operation failure occurs in a capacitor bank with SMU-20 fusing?
A
  1. If a switch operation failure occurs in a capacitor bank with SMU-20 fusing, do the following:
    STEP 1. If the capacitor switch(es) fails to OPEN with the capacitor control, reinsert the control fuse, and cycle the switch(es) (CLOSED/OPEN) twice.
    STEP 2. If the switch(es) does not open, operate the manual switch handle to OPEN the switch(es) with a live-line tool (follow all applicable safety procedures).
    STEP 3. If the switch(es) fails to interrupt current flow after a manual OPEN operation and the bank has SMU-20 fusing, a loadbuster tool must be used to complete bank de-energization. Do not exceed 1,800 kVAR on 4 kV, 12 kV and 16 kV in accordance with TE–1: Loadbuster Tool.
    STEP 4. Once the capacitor bank has been de-energized, do the following:
    STEP 4.1 Leave the control in MANUAL.
    STEP 4.2 Red tag the control, stating that “Switches are inoperable.”
    STEP 4.3 Notify the respective Apparatus supervisor of switch operation failure.
    STEP 4.4 Schedule the replacement or repair of failed switch(es).
    Reference: DOM, CA-2, Page 3, 4
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32
Q
  1. What procedure should you follow if a switch operation failure occurs in a capacitor bank without SMU-20 fusing?
A
  1. If a switch operation failure occurs in a capacitor bank without SMU-20 fusing, do the following:
    STEP 1. If the capacitor switch(es) fails to operate OPEN with the capacitor control, reinsert the control fuse, and cycle the switch(es) (CLOSED/OPEN) twice.
    STEP 2. If the switch(es) does not open, operate the manual switch handle to OPEN the switch(es) with a live-line tool (follow all applicable safety procedures).
    STEP 3. If current flow continues to be measured after the switches are in the MANUAL/OPEN position and the bank does not have SMU-20 fusing, return to the base of the pole, and:
    STEP 3.1 Set the Capacitor Control Switch to the CLOSE position, reenergizing the bank,
    STEP 3.2 Leave the control in MANUAL.
    STEP 3.3 Red tag the control, stating that “Switches are inoperable.”
    STEP 3.4 Notify the respective Apparatus supervisor that the bank cannot be switched open.
    STEP 3.5 Schedule the replacement or repair of failed switch(es).
    STEP 3.6 A switching program may be required to de-energize the circuit and safely remove the failed switch(es).
    STEP 4. Five minutes after the capacitor current has been properly interrupted, remove the primary fuses and line taps to fuseholders by any approved means.
    STEP 5. If maintenance or repairs are to be performed, short the capacitors from terminal-to-terminal and from terminal-to-case by any approved means before performing any work (refer to APM, Rule 215, a (2), for approved methods).
    Reference: DOM, CA-2, Page 3, 4
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33
Q
  1. Thoroughly explain APM Rule 147 on working distance.
A

a. No employee will approach or take any conductive object, except with approved devices, closer to unprotected energized parts than shown in the following table at altitudes 3,000 feet or less
b. Approach distances may be reduced, provided adequate approved protective devices are used. Such protection must be applied and removed with approved insulating devices.
c. Contact must not be made with protective devices on conductors energized above 7,500 Volts except with live line tools.
EXCEPTIONS:
* Employees certified in rubber gloving of conductors energized between 7,500 Volts to 17 kV may contact protective devices up to 17 kV while wearing rubber gloves rated for the voltage and while utilizing “insulate and isolate” work practices.
* Employees certified in performing bare hand – live line tool work methods on conductors energized between 69 kV and 550 kV while wearing a faraday suit, conductive gloves, hood, and boots, and while maintaining minimum approach distances from other phases and/or ground potential.
Reference: APM Rule 147

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34
Q
  1. Is hanging a hot stick on an energized conductor allowed?
A

f. Live line tools must not be hung on a conductor. An approved tool hanger or bag must be used.
Reference: APM Rule 222, F

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35
Q
  1. What must be covered within your working space?
A

b. When work is to be done on or near “energized lines,” all energized conductors, grounded conductors, or guy wires within reach of any part of the body must be covered with protective equipment, except that part of the conductor or apparatus on which the employee is to work.
c. When working on de-energized lines or equipment, all energized lines and normally energized equipment within reach of any part of the body must be covered.
Reference: APM Rule 207, B and C

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36
Q
  1. Can you work on two different phases at the same time when wearing rubber gloves? Explain.
A

No, RGT employee shall combine their work to one phase and shall not make simultaneous contact with part of the structure of any other phase
Reference: RGM, Page 16

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37
Q
  1. What work can be done on a pole while hot stick work is in progress?
A

C. Other work must not be done on a pole or structure upon which live line work is in progress.
Reference: APM Rule 222. C

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38
Q
  1. What is a climbing space measurement for 4 kV on cross arm construction?
A

0 - 7,500 = 30” × 30”
Reference: GO 95, 54.7, A

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39
Q
  1. What is the proper order for covering and uncovering energized conductors?
A

d. In applying protective equipment, an employee must always protect the nearest and lowest wires first, insuring personal protection at all times. In removing protective equipment, the reverse order must be maintained. Protective equipment must be applied from a position underneath the conductor when possible.
Reference: APM Rule 207, D

40
Q
  1. Can a primary neutral conductor be opened? Explain.
A

b. The neutral conductor in the overhead or underground must not be opened except on authority from the Grid Ops Manager or equivalent authority.
Reference: APM Rule 208-B

41
Q
  1. What size primary fuse would be used for 25 kVA transformer rated at 2400 /4160 V?
A

25 amp
Reference: DOH PR-112 Table 112-1

42
Q
  1. A Troubleman has turned over a 3-phase bank to a line crew to be tested and put back on line. Seven customers are served off bank. It is a 16 kV, 480 volt, 3-wire 75 kVA bank with #1 clip liquid fuse holders. You are part of a 3-man E-crew. The Troubleman found one blown fuse but could not determine the cause. It was loaded at 102%. All three fuses are open at this time. Take us through the steps required to energize the bank.
A

Visual inspection
Un-tap bank
Open secondaries apply shunts, or disconnect secondaries (prevent feedback)
Review name plate information to determine any abnormalities
Test each transformer individually with Megger and TTR
Replace transformers as necessary
Reconnect primary and secondary ground if present
Proceed with TS-5 testing procedure
Close test fuses from pole (LR or fusistors) 10 foot distance
Exit pole and wait 20 minutes before checking voltage
Remove test fuses
Make up Secondaries
Install firecracker
Close permanent fuses (from bucket or 10 feet away), loaded test.
Exit pole and wait 20 minutes
Remove firecracker, mark voltage and rotation on panel, notify customer.
Reference: DOM TS-5, TE-7, APM Rule 149

43
Q
  1. Is a long hot stick approved for remote underground switching?
A

When remote switching, live-line tools shall not be used to operate switches that do not have handles specifically designed for their operation.
Reference: DOM SW-3, 4.2, L

44
Q
  1. Explain the characteristics of the following switches.
A

RAM
The RAM switch may be a two, three, four, five or six-way switch. The RAM switch may be manually operated or spring operated.
RAK
The RAK switch is a four-way, three-position switch with operating characteristics similar to the RAC. The difference being that the No. 1 way is connected solid to the bus. There are, therefore, only three switched positions. The No. 2 position has only two attitudes (Open-Bus). The switch will normally be applied to a 4 kV system (7.5 kV voltage class switch).
RAC
The RAC switch will have four or more ways. The RAC switch may be manually operated or spring operated. It should be noted that the far left position has only two attitudes (Open-Bus) while the remaining positions have three attitudes (Tie-Open-Bus). This creates the capability of electrically tying two adjacent positions together without using the bus.
Reference: DOM SW-3, Attachment 1

45
Q
  1. How much load can you drop on a spring operated RAC switch?
A

The load break capacity is the same as the current carrying capacity at the various switches (200 A, 300 A and 600 A).
Reference: DOM SW-3, Attachment 1

46
Q
  1. Why is it important to check for presence of voltage on both circuits when phasing?
A

To make sure you have 3-phase potential on each circuit.
Reference: 5’* Step Training Manual, Overhead Phasing

47
Q
  1. After checking phasing across a switch, how do we prove the phasing is correct?
A
  1. The PWRD field representative or contractor shall notify the jurisdictional Switching Center of any cut or transposition made within a Distribution line which may result in an out-of-phase condition.
    A. The PWRD field representative or contractor shall arrange to check the phasing.
    B. Whenever possible, a parallel should be made as final verification.
    Reference: DOM, CO-1, Attachment 1, SOB 301 9.2
48
Q
  1. What are some of the things that must be considered when writing a Distribution
A

switching program?
The following should be considered:
Are the circuits normal?
What size are the conductors involved?
Will load be moved around?
If so for how long?
What types of equipment may be involved?
Will there be customer outages?
What time of day or night will the program occur?
Is it routine or emergent work?
Reference: Various SOBs

49
Q
  1. Why do we install overhead branch-line fusing?
A

To limit conductor damage due to fault current
To improve circuit performance by reducing average Customer Minutes of Interruption (CMI).
To provide end-of-line protection as an acceptable economic alternative to automatic reclosers (AR).
Reference: DDS-2, 5.11.A

50
Q
  1. What can a qualified electrical worker do alone?
A

Qualified electrical workers may be assigned to work alone:
a. When clearing trouble.
b. To replace fuses.
c. To operate switches, except where additional requirements exist within other APM rule(s): 309b, 312b(2).
d. To make current, voltage tests, and phase identification.
e. In emergencies involving hazards to life or property.
f. In operations which do not require the employee to contact exposed energized high voltage conductors or equipment.
g. Clean insulators in uncrowded conditions.
h. Hot insulator testing.
i. When installing or removing line monitoring, metering, or test equipment with a single Live Line Tool in uncrowded conditions
“Uncrowded conditions” is defined as: Work environments with space for a Qualified Electrical Worker, working alone, to maintain at least the minimum approach distance(s) at all times while performing assigned tasks.
Reference: APM Rule 155

51
Q
  1. What is the procedure to bypass a remote controlled automatic recloser (RAR)?
A

Visual inspection, verify location electrically and geographically
Check phase and ground counters and record in the back of the logbook.
Communicate with substation the status of the RAR and your intentions
Note: If bulletin 322 or 322-1 are in effect, another AR or the sub will need to
accommodate this restriction
Make remote to local, (Why?) take control away from station operator.
Make recloser (non-automatic) sold (why?) one shot to lockout.
Make ground relay (non-automatic) solid, (why?) prevent relay/escaping current.
Close bypass switch or disconnects and visually verify that each blade is closed
Trip AR open and visually check indicators on control and tank for open.
Check no load through AR using approved amp meter.
Open line and load disconnects, Note: Some districts omit this step.
Contact the substation, make notes in logbook, lock control cabinet.

PROCEDURE FOR TAKING AR OUT OF SERVICE G&W with 651RA control
STEP 1. Check that the AR is closed.
¨ Confirm that the OPEN/CLOSE CONTACT POSITION INDICATOR on the bottom of the mechanism tank shows “CLOSED” with a red background.
¨ Confirm control RECLOSER CLOSED LED is illuminated.
STEP 2. Check that the control LED display AC SUPPLY indicator is illuminated.
STEP 3. Check the control operational counter.
STEP 4. The default LCD display cycles at 2 second intervals between “Instantaneous Currents” (“Ia,” “Ib,” “Ic,” “In”), “Operations Counter,” and “Ground Counter.”
STEP 5. Log the counters, load reads, and status.
STEP 6. Report status and counter, as found, to the Switching Center, and start the switching procedure to remove the AR from service.
STEP 7. Deactivate the REMOTE ENABLED LED. When the LED is extinguished, no remote commands can be executed by radio. All local push buttons operate whether the LED is illuminated or not.
STEP 8. Deactivate the RECLOSE ENABLED LED and confirm that it is NOT illuminated. When pushed and the LED is illuminated, reclosing is NORMAL. When extinguished, reclosing will not occur (non-automatic).
STEP 9. Deactivate the GROUND ENABLED LED and confirm that it is NOT illuminated (BLOCKED when not illuminated).
STEP 10. Close the bypass switch (verify load distribution).
STEP 11. Open (TRIP) the AR by doing the following:
Push the CLOSE/TRIP ENABLED button. When pushed and the LED is illuminated, the RECLOSER CLOSED or RECLOSER OPEN buttons are active. Then, push RECLOSER OPEN to operate the AR. If the RECLOSER OPEN button is not pushed within 10 seconds, the CLOSE/TRIP ENABLED LED extinguishes and the RECLOSER OPEN button is not functional.
STEP 12. Confirm that the AR is open by doing the following:
¨ Confirm that the OPEN/CLOSE CONTACT POSITION INDICATOR on the bottom of the mechanism tank shows “OPEN” with a green background.
¨ Check that the control RECLOSER OPEN LED is illuminated.
¨ Check that the control LOCKOUT LED is illuminated.
¨ Check current readings on the LCD display of the control have gone to zero.
STEP 13. Open the line disconnects.
STEP 14. Open the load disconnects.
STEP 15. Follow formal clearance procedures
Reference: DOM, SW-1

52
Q
  1. What is the application of an RAG switch?
A

RAG switches provide an internal grounding attitude on each switchable position. These switches were developed to simplify the grounding procedures utilized when crews work on underground conductors.
Reference: DOM, SW-5 Attachment 2

53
Q
  1. When must you make a recloser non-automatic on the circuit being worked?
A

a. No test orders will be taken on all circuits in an underground structure whenever the following work activities will be performed:
1. Testing, grounding, cutting, spiking, repairing cable or components normally energized above 600 V.
2. Disassembling cable components normally energized above 600 V.
3. Installing or removing electrical or communication cable.
4. Relocating energized high-voltage underground cable or equipment.
5. Filtering or replacing oil on energized high voltage underground equipment.
6. Operating energized loadbreak components.
7. Immediately following a high-voltage failure.
Reference: APM Rule 316, A

54
Q
  1. When is a fault guard tool supposed to be used and what is its maximum amp capacity?
A

The Fault Guard or Fault Limiter tool shall be used whenever closing taps which will be connecting underground cable. The Fault Guard tool or Fault Limiter tool shall be applied immediately prior to making permanent connections, in order to test the integrity of the cable insulation. The Fault Guard or Fault Limiter tools are not limited to testing underground cable. They may be used to test overhead conductors
Fault guard 25 AMPs of load max
Fault tamer 40 amps max
Reference: DOM, TE-2

55
Q
  1. Why is it important to wait 5 minutes before (re)closing a capacitor bank?
A

The discharge (shunt) resister needs 5 minutes to bleed off any potential to less than 50 volts.
Reference: DOM CA-2

56
Q
  1. What information can be found in Tables 1 and 2 in GO 95?
A

Table 1 - Basic minimum vertical clearance of wires above railroads, thoroughfares, ground or water surface and from poles, building and other structures.
Table 2- Basic Minimum Allowable Clearance of Wires from Other Wires at Crossings, in Midspans and at Supports.
Reference: GO 95

57
Q
  1. List and describe the two types of fault currents.
A

Symmetrical current: This current is being generated at the source and is primarily limited by the distance from the fault to the generating point and the source.
Discharge current: This is the discharge current from the electrical system itself. This current would be like the current flowing when shorting a charged capacitor that has been removed from any electrical system. (kind of like bleeding off the charge in the electrical system)
Asymetrical current: The sum of the symmetrical and discharge currents
Reference: 4th Step Training Manual, Fuses

58
Q
  1. What are the three undesirable effects of lagging power factor?
A

It cuts down system load capability:
It reduces the capacity of the system to carry kilowatts. The capacity of all apparatus is determined by the KVA it can carry; hence, when power factor is low, larger generators, lines, transformers, feeders and switches must be provided for each kilowatt of load.
Lagging power factor means more current per kilowatt:
It means each kilowatt of power carries a higher burden of lines losses - Makes it cost more to transport each kilowatt of power.
Lagging power factor may depress the voltage:
This would result in a reduction in the output of practically all electrical apparatus.
Reference: 4’ Step Training Manual, Power Factor

59
Q
  1. You are working on a PME with four switched positions. One of these positions is dedicated for an 1800 KVAR capacitor bank. Can you use this PME switch to de-energize this capacitor bank? Are there any signs that should be located at the switch position and if so, what information would be on it?
A

PMH and PME switches cannot be used for capacitor switching. A sign reading “Capacitor Bank No. Source -Open Capacitor Bank Switch Before Opening This Switch” shall be placed on the compartment door of all PMH/PME switches used to feed capacitor banks.
Reference: DOM, SW-6

60
Q
  1. What is meant by Power Factor?
A

It is the ratio, or relationship, between True Power measure in Watts to Apparent Power measured in Volt-Amps or PF = W/VA.
Reference: 4’ Step Training Manual, Power Factor

61
Q
  1. What is the cause of a lagging Power Factor?
A

Inductance caused primarily by motors, transformers or other magnetic load.
Reference: 4t Step Training Manual, Power Factor

62
Q
  1. What are the five modes of P.E. (Preferred Emergency) gear that we use? Explain the characteristics of each.
A

Preferred Emergency One Way (P.E.O):
This type of service automatically picks up the customer load on the emergency line if the preferred line becomes de-energized. Thereafter it is manually transferred to the preferred line.
Selective Service (S.S.):
Seeks the hot line automatically regardless of which line is preferred or emergency.
Preferred Emergency Automatic (P.E.A):
With this type of service, one line is always the preferred and carries the customer load. If this line becomes de-energized, it will open and the emergency line will close automatically, restoring service to the load. When the preferred line again becomes energized, it will automatically close after a predetermined time delay, establishing a brief (3-cycle) parallel with the emergency line, which will then open.
Preferred Emergency Load Dropping (P.E.D):
If the preferred line becomes de-energized, it will open and the emergency line will close automatically. After a predetermined time delay following re-energizing of the preferred line, the emergency line will open and the preferred line will close automatically, returning the customer to normal operation. This retransfer results in a momentary 3-5- cycle interruption to the load.
Self-Restoring Loop (S.R.L):
The station load will always be picked up on a hot line automatically. This type of control uses directional relay and overcurrent protection to provide for stub feeding. It may also be used to stub feed a portion of another line if loading and other conditions permit.
Reference: 6’ Step Training Manual, PE Gear

63
Q
  1. How do we correct for a lagging Power Factor?
A

By adding capacitors to the high voltage electrical systems.
Reference: 4’* Step Training Manual, Power Factor

64
Q
  1. What are three negative effects of a lagging power factor?
A

Decreased system load capability
Increased operating costs
Depressed voltage
Reference: 4th Step Training Manual, Power Factor

65
Q
  1. Using a circuit map, how do you determine if entry into an underground structure is restricted?
A

Restricting entry into a structure requires (1) placement of two postings in the affected structure, (2) notification of the Switching Center, and (3) revision of the circuit map.
Reference: DOM, IM-5 4.0

66
Q
  1. What is the procedure to de-energize a switched capacitor bank?
A
  1. Capacitors
    a. Before any work is performed on capacitors of any voltage, the capacitors must be de-energized using the device approved for this purpose. In addition, one of the following must apply on voltages above 600 Volts:
  2. The jumpers to the fuse holders must be removed from the line. After waiting five minutes, the capacitor terminals must be short circuited and bonded to the case using live line tools or,
  3. After waiting five minutes, the leads between the open fuse holders and the capacitors must be grounded, and the capacitor terminals must be short circuited and bonded to the case using live line tools. High voltage rubber gloves may be used while placing the shorting and bonding jumpers across the terminals of capacitors on voltages up to 7500 Volts. On voltages above 7500 Volts, live line tools must be used.
    317 a. Padmount Capacitors
    The following procedures must be completed prior to performing work on capacitors of any voltage.
  4. The capacitors must be de-energized using the capacitor switches provided.
  5. Visually check the capacitor switches open. If any are closed, open manually with live line tools.
  6. Check for elimination of current flow with AMP meter.
  7. The source position to the capacitor switches must be opened, locked, and tagged.
  8. At the capacitor installation:
    (a). Live front installation: Using live line tools, the primary terminals to the capacitor bank must be tested de-energized, and grounded.
    (b). Dead front installations:
    Using live line tools, the primary elbows or the capacitor bank must be tested de-energized, and isolated or grounded.
  9. After waiting a minimum of five minutes from de-energizing, the capacitor terminals must be shorted and bonded to the case using live line tools.
    Reference: APM Rule 215 and 317
67
Q
  1. When pulling multiple cables, why should the pulling attachments be kept even?
A

Do not stagger the cable ends or the pressure from the leading cables may cause the nose of the trailing cable to dig in and block the pull.
Reference: DUG, IC 200.1

68
Q
  1. With regard to rigging angles, how do you determine the “Tension Factor” for a sling?
A

Tension Factor = Length of Sling/Distance of Load from Attachment Point
Reference: RSM, Page 86

69
Q
  1. Explain four concerns listed in the DOM when energizing and de-energizing potential transformers. reduce this answer further
A

1) All PTs connected to primary cable shall be considered potentially ferroresonant and shall be energized or de-energized separately from the cable, or by using gang-operated switches.
2) Cable-connected primary services sometimes have customer-owned potential sensing or control PTs connected ahead of the main switch and located inside the customer’s switchgear. These transformers must be disconnected before energizing or de-energizing the source cable.
3) Some PTs used with preferred emergency switchgear are located on the poles adjacent to the potheads serving the switchgear and are connected directly to the pothead leads. These transformers must be de-energized before energizing the cable, and must be energized after energizing the cable.
4) Where open delta-connected bank of PTs installed overhead are to be energized or de-energized by making up or lifting taps, the common primary connection between the transformers shall be energized first and de-energized last.
A. Phase-to-phase PTs connected to primary underground cable shall be considered potentially ferroresonant for the purposes of single-pole switching. Ferroresonance can be mitigated by:
1. Energizing or de-energizing the PT separately from the cable.
2. Using an upstream gang-operated switch to energize or de-energize.
B. PTs associated with PE gear, RCSs, ARs, capacitor banks, and other automated equipment may not be mapped, and shall be reviewed and evaluated for safe switching conditions (no ferroresonance) when single pole switching.
C. Cable connected primary services sometimes have customer-owned potential-sensing or control-power transformers connected ahead of the main switch and located inside the customer’s switchgear. These transformers must also be operated in accordance with these procedures.
D. When open delta-connected banks are to be energized or de-energized, the common primary connection between the transformers shall be energized first and de-energized last.
E. Ferroresonance safety-instruction signs shall be installed at any location where PTs are connected to underground cable that can be energized or de-energized one phase at a time. Signs shall also be installed where PTs are connected to pothead leads.
Reference: DOM TR-6, 4.1

70
Q
  1. You are a lineman working on a 3-man E-crew that is assisting several other crews performing a complicated switching procedure. You are the only person that noticed a Selective Service PE gear is an integral part of the program. What concerns would you have and what actions, if any, would you take?
A

Immediately notify your Foreman or substation of the oversight (communications!).
This type PE gear “seeks the hot line” and may be on the emergency circuit instead of the preferred. It may need to be switched back to the preferred.
You may want to consider making the PE gear manual.
Reference: 6’” Step Training Manual, PE Gear

71
Q
  1. State APM Rule 312, Plug in Terminations. Explain how it applies to you as a journeyman lineman.
A

a. Deadbreak Terminations
1. Immediately prior to operating normally energized plug-in terminations they must be tested as de-energized with an approved testing device.
2. Live line tools are required for removing and installing plug in terminations except when applicable sections of Rule 306 are complied with.
b. Loadbreak Components
1. When operating energized loadbreak components, the automatic circuit recloser on the circuit(s) being worked must be made non-automatic (see Rule 316, ).
2. Normally energized high voltage loadbreak components must be operated only with live line tools by two qualified electrical workers (see Rule 109, k., PPE requirement).
3. In loadbreak operations, the loadbreak elbow must be installed on an approved device immediately after removal. The components from which the elbow was removed must also be safe ended.
4. When it is necessary to ground a loadbreak elbow which has been removed from a source component, the elbow must be tested de-energized with an approved testing device immediately prior to being installed on a ground component.
5. Energized loadbreak elbows must be operated above ground and outside the structures.
6. Operating a load break elbow requires a 2nd QEW per Rule 155.
c. Thermal Inspections
A thermal inspection must be conducted prior to the removal of any capacitive test point cover. If the thermal reading exceeds the allowable temperature levels referenced in the O&M Manual, the component to be worked on must be de-energized prior to removal of the capacitive test point cover.
d. Removal/Installation and Testing Capacitive Test Points Capacitive test point covers must be removed and installed only with live line tools or high-voltage rubber gloves. When testing capacitive test points with an approved testing device, the device must be attached to a live line tool or be held by an employee wearing high-voltage rubber gloves.
Reference: APM Rule 312

72
Q
  1. What is the specified loading range for RO transformers?
A

RO transformers should be loaded to a minimum of 60 percent and a maximum of 100 percent of their nameplate rating.
Reference: DDS-5 5.6

73
Q
  1. Your job is to phase across an open pole switch. What are the steps?
A

Communication at all times!
Test phasing set.
Check for voltage on all six conductors.
Check for zero volts across all three of the phases to be closed.
Cross check on all three pairs of phases for opposite phases.
Test phasing set.
Reference: 5’ Step Training Manual, Overhead Phasing

74
Q
  1. What conditions are required to create a situation where ferroresonance might occur?
A

The transformer or bank has phase-to-phase primary connections, or a wye primary with an ungrounded neutral (floating wye)
Phases are energized or de-energized one phase at a time
Combined secondary load on the radial is insignificant relative to the primary cable lengths being switched (refer to Distribution Operation and Maintenance Policy and Procedures (DOM) Manual, Procedure TR-8, for identifying load)
If the primary cable being energized or de-energized, one phase at a time, is of a length greater than or equal to the critical cable length
Reference: DDS, 2, 5.13 or DOM TR-8

75
Q
  1. What is the purpose of a fault guard tool?
A

The primary purpose of the Fault Guard tool is to provide a temporary current-limiting device in series with underground cable or overhead lines to be energized by closing wire taps on a pole. This current-limiting device will minimize flashing and arcing in the event that a fault exists on the section of line to be energized.
Reference: DOM, TE-2

76
Q
  1. Name three factors that must be known when paralleling transformers.
A

When paralleling transformers, particular regard must be paid to polarity, percent impedance and ratio. Any of these or any combination can cause some very
unsatisfactory operations.
Reference: 4’ Step Training Manual, 3-Wire Banks

77
Q
  1. Describe the procedure used if a lineman on a pole is unconscious.
A
  1. Call the switching center on the radio and declare an emergency using the orange button.
  2. Give the nature of the injury, address/location, radio or phone number you are calling from to the switching center
  3. Clear any electrical hazards or imminent danger to prevent further injuries to victim or crew
  4. Once all hazards have been cleared, ascend the pole to the victim
  5. Take the hand line snap and wrap around the cross arm two times
  6. Take enough rope to wrap around the victim. Secure the rope under the armpits and tie three half hitches
  7. Drop the hand line sheave and hook, take the hand line and slowly lower the victim to the ground.
    Reference: 1** Step Training Manual, Pole Top Rescue
78
Q
  1. How many sizes of heat shrink sleeves are available for splicing CP secondary cables? What are the sizes?
A

Two different sizes:
6-inch- #2-350
9-inch- 350-750
Reference: DUG, Table JJ 160-1

79
Q
  1. Define “confined space?”
A

A space that has all three of the following:
1. Is large enough that an employee can bodily enter; and,
2. Has limited openings for entry or exit; and,
3. Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
Reference: APM Rule 143

80
Q
  1. Define “other confined space?”
A

Other confined space is a space that meets both of the following conditions:
1. Existing ventilation is insufficient to remove dangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment or deficiency that may exist or develop, and,
2. Ready access to or exit from the space for the removal of a suddenly disabled employee is difficult due to the location and/or size of the opening(s).
Reference: APM Rule 301

81
Q
  1. After what period of time can atmospheric logs be discarded?
A

(b). All test results must be recorded in an approved inspection log and retained by the work location for one (1) year.
Reference: APM Rule 301-b

82
Q
  1. Define polarity.
A

The relative instantaneous direction of current through the coils of a transformer.
Reference: 2nd Step Training Manual, AC vs DC

83
Q
  1. What electrical hazard can be a serious concern for someone working on a de-energized line that parallels an energized high-voltage line?
A

Induction
Reference: OGM, 2.1.1

84
Q
  1. The substation ground grid is the priority ground medium to be used when grounding within how many feet of substation ground grid?
A

40 feet
Reference: OGM, 3.6.2

85
Q
  1. Why is secondary rack construction the preferred method when possible for wiring transformers?
A

Rack construction is preferred because it is generally cheaper and quicker to install, looks better because of the elimination of the service buck arm, eliminates the crossing of service drop secondaries and reduces the secondary reactance voltage drop due to a closer spacing of the secondary conductors.
Reference: DOH, DC-400, 7.0

86
Q
  1. Explain what kind of work requires the approval of the Grid Control Center.
A

Approval must be obtained from the Grid Control Center, Switching Center, or shift supervisor before any work is done on any relay, control wiring, or auxiliary equipment which in any way affects, or through an accident or mistake might affect the ability to generate and transmit power; or before making any automatic equipment non-automatic (solid) on 2.4 kV or higher voltages.
Reference: APM Rule 704, A

87
Q
  1. Under what circumstances is it permissible to NOT contact the Grid Control Center when the job would normally require it?
A

Except in trouble and emergencies, where it is necessary to maintain service or protect life or property
Reference: APM Rule 704, A

88
Q
  1. What is a Dead-End Feeder and when are they typically used?
A

A Dead-End Feeder is a section of cable that originates from a switched position on the System Feeder and extends to another switch with no intent to create a paralleling point.The combined total of all the load blocks on the Dead-End Feeder will not exceed 4,500 kVA. On Dead-End Feeders, T-taps are not allowed. This will prevent outages impacting multiple load blocks.
This system is intended for situations that are typically a few large commercial/industrial loads on a cul-de-sac. Consideration must be taken of this load as it increases since this limits the ability to switch load between circuits. Planners must work with Field Engineering to make appropriate provisions for capacitors as needed.
Reference: DDS, Glossary

89
Q
  1. What is the transformer load limit for commercial/industrial customer with a monthly load factor of 80%?
A

120% of transformer rating
Reference: DDS 7, 3.0

90
Q
  1. List the situations where BURD transformers are allowed for use.
A

Use of BURD transformers is no longer allowed except in the following situations:
* Installations where it is not technically feasible to install pad-mounted equipment.
* Installations in the public property and public rights-of-way where the local governments create insurmountable obstacles for pad-mounted equipment.
OR
* When replacing existing failed BURD transformers.
Reference: DDS 3, 5.3

91
Q
  1. What do the following acronyms represent?
A

CIC: Conductor in Conduit
CLP: Cross Link Polyethylene
CVR: Conservation Voltage Regulation
CAP: Distribution Capacitor Automation Project
DOC: Distribution Operation Center
LBFC: Load Break Fuse Cabinet
ID: Interval Data Recorder
LPSV: Low Pressure Sodium Vapor
ROW: Right of Way
SOLO: Street and Outdoor Lighting Organization
VFI: Vacuum Fault Interrupter
Reference: DDS Glossary

92
Q
  1. What is an ELF fuse?
A

The ELF Fuse is a full-range, current-limiting type fuse that can be used in High Fire Risk Areas (HFRA) and in applications where current-limitation is desired.
Reference: DOH, PR-110.1 Table 110-1 note b

93
Q
  1. What must be done if digging a hole in preparation of work to be done?
A

b. Holes dug in advance of line construction must be covered by a suitable hole cover. The hole cover must in turn be anchored by a covering of dirt or other suitable means
Reference: APM Rule 206

94
Q
  1. How is body positioning important when working on one side of a ladder?
A

h. When work from a ladder requires reaching to one side, the center of the employee’s body must not extend beyond the side rails unless work positioning equipment (for example, Lineman’s Belt, Body Belt) or fall restraint is utilized.
Reference: APM Rule 134, H

95
Q
  1. When working on or climbing through energized multiple circuits that are commonly bonded and personal contact with the bond cannot be avoided, what must be done?
A
  1. When working on or climbing through energized multiple circuits that are commonly bonded and it is impossible to avoid personal contact with the bond, the bond must first be grounded before the lineman climbs through or works on the circuit.
    Reference: APM Rule 141

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