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Psychology - Unit 2 - Exam > 6B vision > Flashcards

6B vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Reception

A

Eye receives incoming light and focuses it onto the retina where an image of the visual stimulus is captured.

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Light arrives as electromagnetic energy when it reaches the photoreceptors (rods and cones) which convert light into signals that are processed by ganglion cells.

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3
Q

Transmission

A

Ganglion cells generate neural impulse which is sent along the optic nerve via the thalamus to the brain.

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

Sends the message to the Primary Visual Cortex.

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

Sends the message to the Primary Visual Cortex.

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

Sends the message to the Primary Visual Cortex.

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4
Q

Selection

A

Feature detectors filter out visual signals according to importance.

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

Sends the message to the Primary Visual Cortex.

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5
Q

Organisation

A

Selected visual signals are reorganised to reflect reality.

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6
Q

Interpretation

A

Primary Visual Cortex and temporal lobe make sense of visual stimuli.

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7
Q

1.

A

Cornea - glassy outer window which protects the eye + focuses light waves onto retina.

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8
Q

2.

A

Aqueous humour - the watery substance of the eye which helps it to maintain it’s shape.

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9
Q

3.

A

Pupil - opening of the iris which controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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10
Q

Constricted pupil

A

Bright light/restrict amount of light.

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11
Q

Dilated pupil

A

Dim light/allow more light in.

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12
Q

4.

A

Lens - adjusts its shape to focus light onto the retina depending on the distance of the object being viewed.

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13
Q

Lens buldge

A

Focus nearby

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14
Q

Lens flatten

A

Focus on distance

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15
Q

5.

A

Vitreous humour - substance that helps to maintain eye’s shape.

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16
Q

6.

A

Retina - contains photoreceptors and receives images as upside-down and back-to-front.

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17
Q

7.

A

Optic nerve - carries visual information the the primary visual cortex.

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18
Q

8.

A

Blind spot - no photoreceptors so light can not be detected there.

19
Q

9.

A

Ciliary muscles - controls the lens changing shape.

20
Q

10.

A

Iris - ring of muscles that expand or contract to change the size of the pupil.

21
Q

Path of light throughout the eye

A

Cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, vitreous humour, retina.

22
Q

GESTALT PRINCIPLES

A
  • Proximity
  • Similarity
  • Figure-ground
  • Closure
  • Camouflage
23
Q

Proximity

A

Grouping items together because of their physical closeness.

24
Q

Similarity

A

Grouping parts of an image together because of similarities (shape, colour, size).

25
Q

Figure-ground

A

Dividing what we see into foreground and backround.

26
Q

Closure

A

Mentally completing images that are ‘incomplete’ (filling in the gaps).

27
Q

Camouflage

A

When the figure and the ground aren’t easily separated.

28
Q

Visual constancies

A

Size, shape, and brightness constancy.

29
Q

Size constancy

A

Understanding that an object doesn’t change size when looking at it from another angle when move closer/further away.

30
Q

Shape constancy

A

How an object is perceived as keeping the same shape even when viewed at different angles.

31
Q

Brightness constancy

A

Perceive the brightness of an object as the same even when light conditions change.

32
Q

Depth cues

A

Binocular depth cues (retinal disparity, convergence), monocular depth cues (accommodation, pictorial cues).

33
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Involves the use of both eyes together

34
Q

Retinal disparity

A

The slight difference in location of images due to our eyes being 6-7cm apart.

35
Q

Convergence

A

Changes in tension in the eye muscles that occur when both eyes turn inward to focus on a close-by object.

36
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Involves the work of only one eye individually.

37
Q

Accommodation

A

The lens changes shape depending on how far away an object is (to accommodate the distance).

38
Q

Pictorial cues

A

Creates depth and distance in 2D to make something look 3D. (linear perspective, interposition, texture, gradient, relative size height in the visual field).

39
Q

Linear perspective

A

The illusion of the coming together of parallel lines as they go back in the distance.

40
Q

Interposition

A

When one object partially covers another object making one look closer and the other look further away.

41
Q

Texture gradient

A

The gradual reduction of detail on a surface as it goes into the distance, compared to one that is close with fine detail.

42
Q

Relative size

A

Perceiving the object that focuses the larger image onto the retina as being closer and the smaller image as being further away.

43
Q

Height in the visual field

A

Refers to the location of the objects (further away=closer to horizon and vice-vera)

44
Q

Perceptual set

A
  • Context
  • Motivation
  • Emotional state
  • Past experience
  • Culture
45
Q

Context

A

Refers to the setting/environment you are in.

46
Q

Motivation

A

Our motivations might make us more likely to understand stimuli in a certain way. (eg hungry > see food)

47
Q

Emotional state

A

The mood we are in might make use perceived in different ways (eg. happy > perceive others’ facial expressions as happy).

48
Q

Past experience

A

Our past experiences with stimuli might lead us to perceive and assign meaning to stimuli in certain ways.

49
Q

Cultural backround

A

Our cultural background/experience can lead us to perceive differently to people in other cultures.

50
Q

Ratman experiment

A
  • Presented participants with a figure that could either be perceived as a rat or as a man.
  • Participants’ prior experience was manipulated before they saw the figure by showing them a series of drawings of either animals or people.
  • This meant that their past experience was manipulated.
  • The results showed that if participants were shown a human face, they were much more likely to see a human face in the end figure.

Psychology - Unit 2 - Exam (12 decks)

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