6B p2 & 6C Flashcards
- Explain themoetreuglation
s the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain limits
how does thermoreuglaion ocucr
- stimulus-change in temperature
- receptorthermorecptors on the skin detecting heat
- modualtor-hypothamuslus regulating body temperature
- sweat glands release sweat to cool down down
- body temperature is maintained between 36.5 degress to 37.5 degress
endotherms vs ectotherms with examples
Endotherms produce their own body heat to maintain a specific temperature, while ectotherms must rely on the environmen
eg. humans are endotherms
What 5
things happens when its too hot? in the body
Sweat glands produce sweat which evaporates from the skin
●Vasodilation of blood vessels to increase surface blood flow
●Cerebral cortex responds - Seek shade
●Arrector pili muscles cause Body hair flattens
●Decreased metabolic rate to reduce amount of heat produced
what 4 things happen when its too cold
Skeletal muscles cause shivering which creates heat energy
●
●Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to reduce surface blood flow and heat loss
●
●Body hair stands to trap warm air close to skin (piloerrection)
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●Increased metabolic rate to increase amount of heat produced
- List the different types of adaptations within homeostasis
Physiology mechanisms reduce temperature- via sweating, panting, vasoildiation of arterioles-
Physiology mechanisms to increase temperature-shivering of sketlla muscles, vasoildation of blood vessels
Contraction of arrector pilli and muscles in the skin
Difference between physiological and behavioral adaptations is the
Physiological Adaptations are related to how there in a change in an organism functions
Behavioural Adaptations is how an organism acts
Strucurla adpatoons for animal in evnornments:
Large SA:V preventing to heat loss in hot evnirent eg. whales big size is to prevent heat loss as it swims in cold sea
wheras in cold environments animals have small SA:V to lose more heat and in cold evnirnemtns animals rely on insulation to prvent them frm losing heat eg. yacks have lots of fur in the winter for insulation but shed this fur insummer
23.What is glycogenesis
– glucose molecules joined to form glycogen
Glycogenolysis
– glycogen is broken down into glucose.
when does glycogenesis occur compared to when glycogenolysis occurs
glycogenesis occurs when blood glucose levels are high, whereas glycogenolysis occurs when blood glucose levels are low
25.What happens ifblood glucose levels are too high, and what happens when blood glucose levels are too low.
when blood glucose levels are too high glycogensiis will ocucr so beta cells will release insulin to join glucose moleucels to form glycogen ultimatley decreasing blod glucose levels , hyperglycameia occurs, whereas when blood glucose levels are too low hypoglycameria occurs and glycognleiss wil occur as alpha cells will release glucagon which will breakdown glyogen to glucose reuslting in blood glucose levels increasing
- Excess glucose is stored as..
glycogen
27.Symptoms of hyperglycemia
stomach pain
irritability
very thirsty
frequent urination
28.Function of the pancreas
produces hormones and regulates blood glucoee levels
29.Islets of langerhans
Islets of Langerhans are groups of cells located in the pancreas that play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels through alpha and beta cells
31.the 2 types of is5lates of langerhans and their functions
alphacells-release glucagon
beta cells-release insulin
how is blood glucose levles detects
alpha nad beta cells in the islates of langerhans detect the changes in blood glucose levles
what happens when blood glucose levels are detceted by alpha and beta cells
Insulin causes excess glucose to be stored as glycogen OR
Glucagon converts glycogen into glucose
33.Function of osmoreceptors
aare found in the hypthemalusus and detect chnages in water levels
baroreceptors where and they found and their function state
found in aorta, kidneys and carotid artery in neck d andetect blood pressure
35.What is an effector, include examples
A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus eg, nephrons of the kidneys hwich reabsorb and release more urine
36.what 5 things is water in the body useful for
Useful in maintaining osmolarity
●
●Production of urine
●
●Removal of heat through evaporation
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●Maintain blood volume
●
●Protect the central nervous system
37.What happens when water levels decrease-reference the stimulus response model
- stimulus-decrease in water levels
2.receptor-osmoreceptor dtects an increase in osmolarity
3.modulator-hypothamulus causes pituartiy gland to release ADH
4.effector-ADH acts on kidneys to open aquaprins to reabosbr more water
5.response-increase reabsorption of wtater reusltinginconcentrated urine
38.What happens when water levels increase-reference the stimulus response model
- stimulus-increase water levels
- receptor- osmorectpros detect an decrease in osmolarity
3.modulator-hypohytehmaulsusuppresses the release of ADH from the puitarty gland
4.effector-ADH targets the kidneys to close aquaproins to close aquaporins to reabosbr more water - response- decreased reabsorption of wate resulting in more diulated urine
39.Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
n diabetes type 1, the pancreas does not make insulin, because the body’s immune system attacks the islet cells in the pancreas that make insulin. In diabetes type 2, the pancreas makes less insulin than used to, and your body becomes resistant to insulin.
- What is type 1 diabetes , what it results in, the result of and symptoms
Autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks beta cells as non-self and attacks them using autoantibodies.
is due rto:
○Too much insulin injected
○Excessive exercise
○Lack of glucose consumed
it results in little to no insulin being produced
Urinating often.
Feeling very thirsty.
Feeling very hungry—even though you are eating.
Extreme fatigue.
Blurry vision.
- In reference to alpha cells, what happens in type 1 diabetes.
alpha cells release access amounts of glucagon, there excessively increasing blood glucos levels resulting intype 1
- Compare and contrast how insulin works in a healthy person, a person with type 1 diabetes, and a person with type 2 diabetes
referecning the stimulus response model—what happens when blood glucose levels decrease
stimulus-blood glucose levels below 4 mmol/L
receptor- islets of langerhans sepicfally alpha cells release glucagon
modulator- islets of langerhans sepicfally alpha cells release glucagon
effector-liver cells
response-breakdown of glycogen into glucose which is released into the bloodstream
referecning the stimulus response model—what happens when blood glucose levels increase
stimulus-blood glucose levels above 4 mmol/L
- receptor-islets of langerhans specifally beta cells secreting insulin
modulator-receptor-islets of langerhans specifally beta cells secreting insulin
effector-sketetla msucles and fat cells or liver cells
response-glucose joining to form glycogen to decreaes blood glucose levels(glycogenisis)
44.What is type 2 diabetes the result of and symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin, symtpoems include frequent urination, increase dhunger thirst
- What happens if type 2 diabetes is left untreated
○Kidney and heart disease
Prolonged wound healing
46.What is hyperthyroidism, what does it result in,how does it affect metabolism. And how and why is it treated
Hyperthyrodism is a condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland due to the thyroid gland producing too much T3 and T4
It results in increased thyroid hormones, increases metabolism causing your body to work harder and faster
Hyperthyrodism is treated using beta blockers to reduce heart rate, iodine and antithyroid drugs.
47.What is the thyroid gland and where is it found
The thyroid gland is found in the base of the neck
It produces T3(triioothyroine) and T4(thyroxine)
48.What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland produce AND
what are the 5 functions of T3 and the 4 function sof T4
T3(triioothyroine)
1.controls energy levels,
2. temperature,
3.metabolism,
4.heart rate,
5.blood pressure
6. development of a fetus.
and T4(thyroxine)
1.a hormone that controls how the heart works,
2.metabolism,
3.health of the muscles
4. bones and brain development.
- Explain the thyroid gland regulation pathway
- Hypothalamus secretes TRH.
- TRH causes the pituraity gland to secrete TSH
3.TSH stimulates thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4 which inhibits TRH and TSH secretion
- What are the 7 different components of the body that are affected by hyperthyroidism
AND
- How does hyperthyroidism affect each of these 7 components of the body due to the effect of elevated levels of thyroid hormone.
- Basal metabolism
- nervous system
3.cardiovascular system
4.respiratory system
5.muscuoskleton system
6.gastriontential system - reproductive system
The basal metaolism is effected by increase levels of thyrodi hormone as metaolism increases, heat tolerance builds, and sweating
1.The nervous system is effected—anxiety, irriabilty, difficulty sleeping
2.Cardiovascular system- increased heart rate, palpitation, increased blood pressure
3.respiratory system-increased respiratory rate
4.musculoskeletal system; muscle pain, weakness, atrophy, osteoporosis
5.Gastrional intestinal system- increased gastrointestinal mobility, resulting in diarrhea, vomiting
6.Lighter menstrual flow and increased duration of menstrual cycle
how does ADH cause increased reabsorption of water
1.by increasing the number of aquaporins inserted into the collecting duct or distal convoluted tubule thus increasing water reabsorption
2.it also increases thirst by stimulating the thirst center in the hypothalamus
