3

Question 1

lipolysis

Answer 1

breakdown of lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 2

what stimulates/increases lipolysis

Answer 2

glucagon and inhibitation of insulin increases lyopsisis

Question 3

catabolism vs anabolism

Answer 3

Anabolism molecules join together whilst storing energy. Catabolism is the breakdown of molecules to release energy

Question 4

vasopressin/ADH

Answer 4

decreases water excretion by the kidneys by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts ulimtaltey increasing urine production

Question 5

diabetes insipidus is caused by

Answer 5

a lack of ADH, too much urine

Question 6

what is an automimmune disease

Answer 6

when the immune system relases antiobodies that attack self cells usuaulyl because these antibodies do not recognise self cells to mulfunction

an example is when self cells do not contain antigen or when antiobodies do not recognise antigen.

Question 7

Why does type 1 diabetes cause one to be lethargic

Answer 7

not enough insulin is beign absorbed by the body, thus glucose cannot enter our cells which prevnts cells from reciveiieng the energy they need thus causing us to become tired and lethargic

Question 8

how does mellitus lead to hyperglycaemia

Answer 8

1. in diabetes melltius, there is the production of autoantibodies which destroy beta cells and thus, there is a lack of insulin production OR there is insulin resistance
2. in both cases, glucose is not absorbed or stored as glycogen in the tissues as insulin is the hormone that is responsible for that
3. therefore there will be increased levels of glucose in the bloodstream caysing hyerpglycemia

Question 9

main reason for type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

2. insulin resistance

Question 10

what is insulin resistance

Answer 10

when cells is skeletla muscles liver and fat do not respond to insulin

Question 11

what cells/tissues are affected throughout type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

liver tissue, skeletal muscle, fat tissue are all affected in type 2 diabetes

Question 12

Why does diabetes cause frequent urination and thirst and what role does homeostasis play in this

Answer 12

1. In diabetes there is increassed concentration of glucose in the bloodstream

2.Sometimes this leads to access glucosse in the urine(glucosuria)

3. Thus water secretion into the tubules increases leading to increasing urination
4. In addition, as there is increased urination, this will send signals to the hypothalamus that there is decreased blood volume through osmoreceptors and baroreceptors.

5.iN order to correct the blood volume back to homeostatic levels, the hypothalamus increases thirst

Question 13

why does diluted urine in daibetes and what role does hoemtositias play

Answer 13

access amounts of glucose results in more glucose ending up in tubulues es reusltingin more and more wtaer being secreted into the bladder htrough the tubules ulitmaltey causing water becomes diulted

Question 14

why does freuqnety urination ocucr in diabebte termsof osmolarity

Answer 14

sacess glucose that goes htoruhg the tubules which causes water to follow the soultes because of the water is hypertonic to the glucose causing water to exit the tubules more frequently, thus resulting in frequent urination.

Question 15

why is thirst and frequent urination assocaited with hyerpgmyalceimia and type 2 diabetes

Answer 15

1. As there is increased urination due to hyperglycemia, this will cause a decrease in the blood volume.
2. The decrease in blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors and the decrease in blood volume is detected by osmoreceptors.

3.These signals are sent to the hypothalamus and the hypothalamus sends a signal to increase thirst in order to allow the human to consume more water as a way to increase blood volume levels

Question 16

why do some diabetes have more hypergylamciea

Question 17

what is the issue whenyou are hyperglmayciec

Answer 17

frequent urination, thirst, hunger, weightloss,–explain more in detail

Question 18

hyperglycmea can causse viison loss why

Answer 18

blood vessles in eyes can swelling resulting in leaking behind the eyes cauisng in vision loss, if the blood vessle build up glucose cauisng damdge this can cause damage to the nveres around the eyes this damage in nerves results in vision loss.

Question 19

why does kidnye damage occur in terms of blood vessels

Answer 19

Bloodvessles that carry blood to the kidnys are very small affernet effernet and gloemrular cpailaires, ecause blood isalways eing fitlered and theres so much glucose the blood vessels bceause damged so easily cauisngblood to enter the urine overtime this will cause kidneys to bceome damaged

Question 20

why does a wound take a long time to heal with someone who has hyperglcyemia

Answer 20

wound healing requires blood flow to damaged area, but the buildu p of glucose causes the blood vessles to become damaged and these blood vessles slow down the blood flow resulting in prolonged wound healing.

Question 21

Lucas has graves disease. How will his body respond to this and explain in terms of the stimulus response model

Answer 21

1. the stimulus is detected by the hypothamulus which acts as the receptor and then releases low levels of TRH
2. and secretion of TRH is decreased

3.The lack of TRH means inhibition of the thyroid gland acts as the modulator

4. The thyroid gland releases low levels of TSH whihc means that there is inhibition of the thyroid gland which acts as the effector
5. The final response is the thryoid releasing lower levels of T3 and T4(negative feedback response)

Question 22

osmoregulation

Answer 22

the regulation of water and salts in the bloodstream

Question 23

why does hyperglyacmeia cause weakness and hunger

Answer 23

weakness is caused by glucose not being absorbed into the tissues and hunger is because the body tissues not recieving nutrients and thus giving impression not enough

Question 24

differnce in levels of T3, T4 and TSH in hyper and hypothyriodism

Answer 24

hyperthyrodism-hihg levels of T3 AND T4 and low levels of TSH

hypothyrodism- low levels of T3 and T4 and high levels of TSH

Question 25

t

one of treatemnt for hyperhytoridsm and the issue with it

Answer 25

removal of the thyroid known as thyroidectomy which poses risks as this means that T3 and T4 is not being produced thus resulting in hypothyrodism–which means that medication needs to be consumed to bring their thyroid levels back to normal

non surgical method-radioactive idone which is absorbed by your thyrodi gland which endsup killing the thryoid cells that are producing too much T3 and T4 to be killed due to the radiation

antiothyroid drugs-reduce the production of thyroid

Question 26

goitre vs exophthalmus

Answer 26

swelling in the neck in graves diseas/ehyperhtyroidms caused by the overactive thyroid

exophthalmus is the bulging of the eyes caused by increase swelling of blood vessle behind the eyes causes increased blood pressure around the eyes which pushes the eyes out resulting in bulging

Question 27

what happens when its too cold involes sitmlsu repsonse mode

Answer 27

receptor-thermorectpros
modualtor-hyptehamulus
effector-brown fat
response-burning of triglyercides

Question 28

re

if there is a decrease in blood pressure, how will the body respond to this

Answer 28

when there is low levels of blood rpessure, barorecptors and osmorecptors detect this they cause the sercetion of ADH

ADH increases the number of aquaporis in the tubules of the kidneys causign an increased amoutn of reboasrpiton in the kidneys, it also travels to the hyptohemaulsu to stimualte the thirst centre to increase the amount of thirst

Barorecrptors send signals to the kidneys to release reninin, throuhg a series of reactions reninin causes the release of aldestrone and aldestron cativates the sodium potassium pump whihc increases the reabsroption of sodium which therefore increases the reabsproption of water

Question 29

referncing the stimulus respond model explain labour contractions(positive feedback)

Answer 29

1. stimulus- as the uterus contracts, it squeezes the babby and increases pressure on the cervix

2.receptor- receptors detect this pressure which creates a nervous impulse

3.modulator-nerve impulse travels to the brain where it stimulates the pituarity gland

4. effector-pituatiry gland secretes oxytocin
5. oxycotin detected by the uterus; urine contractd increase

Question 30

ho

how do physio and struucla adaptions work together

Question 31

h

homeothermy

Question 32

HYPOGLYCMEIA

Question 33

reactive hypoglyamciea

Question 34

hypothyrdhosim is cuased by graves disease because

Answer 34

it is the result of antibodies stimultaing the thyroid inapproaitley

Question 35

why is a specific something a stimulus

Answer 35

It is an external change that is detceted by (receptor) which causes a response within the cell

Question 36

thermoregulation

Answer 36

the homeostastic prcoess of maintaining a constant internal body temperature

Question 37

Which organ of the body releases antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 37

posterior pituitary gland

Question 38

what does the anterior ptuiary gland release homrone?

Answer 38

ADH

Question 39

A person who consumes excessive amounts of iodine in their diet overproduces thyroxine.

whathappens in terms of TSH frm the anteror ptuiaty gland and basal metbaolism

Answer 39

the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary will be decreased, and their basal metabolism will be increased.