6B Anaeorbic fermentation

Question 1

what is the function of the electron transport chain cellular aerobic respiration

Answer 1

the electron transport
chain, produces the bulk of a cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration, requires
oxygen accepts free protons and
electrons that have accumulated from the production of ATP to form water molecules

Question 2

What happens if the electorn transport chian does not occur or exist

Answer 2

Without the electron transport
chain, the loaded coenzymes, such as NADH and FADH2, cannot drop off their electrons
and be converted back to unloaded NAD+ and FAD, and as ETC produces most of the cells atp, little atp will be produced

Question 3

What happens in aerobic conditions

Answer 3

glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate),

Question 4

How does Anerobic fermentation produce ATP

Answer 4

glycolysis breaks down
of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. In doing so, it converts two NAD+ molecules to
NADH and produces two molecules of ATP in the absence of oxygen via alocjol femrnetation in yeast or lactic acid femrnentaiton in animals

Question 5

• how does glycolysis help in the functioning of a cell even if there is an absence of oxygen and elaborate the process

Answer 5

glycolysis can continue providing energy to the cell even if there is absence of oxygen as it breaks down glucose and produces 2atp, 2nadh and 2pyruvate
then the pyruvate is turned into lactic acid or ethanol recyling the nadh back into nad+
yeshaswini boddu
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so the process can continue indefinitely even if there is no oxygen

Question 6

Justifying why aerobic cellular respiration cannot progress in anaerobic conditions, as well as reasoning
why anaerobic pathways of metabolism require stages after glycolysis, helps you to better understand
the process of cellular respiration.

Answer 6

Aerobic respiration cannot occur without oxygen, because oxygen is needed as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. Anaerobic pathways, like lactic acid fermentation in animals and alcoholic fermentation in yeast, regenerate NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue and produce ATP without oxygen.

Question 7

compare anaerobic fermentation in animals and yeast

Answer 7

In yeast, glucose gets converted into pyruvate using 2 ATP and NAD+ gets converted into NADH, which produces ethanol and 2 C02 molecules

In animals, glucose gets converted into pyruvate using 2 ATP and NADH gets converted back into NAD+, which produces lactic acid.

However, both processes convert NADH back into NAD+ for glycolys

Question 8

How does anaerobic fermentation affect the krebs cycle and electron transprot chain

Answer 8

Anaerobic fermentations inhibits/disrupts the krebs cycle and electron transport chain by disrupting the flow of of electrons and reducing the availability of NAD+, respectively

Question 9

Compare were anaerobic fermentation and aerobic celluar respiration occur

Answer 9

anaerobic fermenation occurs in the cystol, whereas aerobic celluar respiration occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell and the cystol and the cristae

Question 10

Process/process of the inputs and outputs of the anaerobic fermentation

Answer 10

Glucose is broken down into 2 pryuvate molecules and 2 ATP molecules. IN GLYCOLYSIS, In animals, lactic acid is produced, and in yeast, ethanol is produced NAD+ is loaded with H+ to form NADH and is recycled again to form NAD+, producing 2 C02 molecules.

Question 11

Lactic acid fermentation process—process of anaerobic fermentation in plants

Answer 11

In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pryuvate.

NAD+ becomes loaded with H+ to form NADH

Pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid during anaerobic fermentation

This causes NADPH be oxidised into NAD+ to be reused in glycolysis

Lactic acid cannot accumulate in the blood. Instead, when oxygen is avaliable, lactic acid is converted into pryuvate used in celluar respiraiton.

Question 12

In what ways can yeast respire

Answer 12

aerobically by creating 30 or 32 ATP or and anaerobically by producing ethanol and 2 C02 and 2 atp

Question 13

Ethanol fermentation process-anerobic fermentation occur in yeast process

Answer 13

Inglycolysis, glucose is broken down into pryuvate.

NAD+ becomes loaded with H+ to form NADPH

pryuvate gets broken down into ethanol and c02

Ethanol diffuses out of the cell via passive diffusion to ensure fermentation can continue. However ethanol does not continue fermenatation when alcohol builds up in the external environment until alcohol does not diffuse out

Question 14

What is ethanol fermenation used for

Answer 14

Beer, wine, bread and as a renewable source of fuel

Question 15

When oxygen is present again, lactic acid is
metabolised back into pyruvate and used for aerobic cellular respiration. WHY

Answer 15

Lactic acid cannot accumulate indefinitely, as it lowers the pH of our cells( too acidic) and blood, and
can be toxic in high amounts

Question 16

Define ethanol/alcohol fermentation vs lactic acid fermentation

Answer 16

ethanol fermentation is anaerobic fermentation that occurs in yeast, bacteria and plants where pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted into 2 ethanol and 2 C02 (the product)

Lactic acid fermentation is anaerobic fermentation that occurs in animals where pyruvate is produced via glycolysis and is converted into 2 lactic acid molecules and 2 ATP s(end products)

Question 17

How do yeasts contribute to the rising of bread during baking?

Answer 17

ethanol
fermentation,
Yeasts metabolize sugars, such as glucose in the dough, producing carbon dioxide, which allows the bread to expand and rise, while ethanol is removed during baking.

Question 18

Why is ethanol diffused out

Answer 18

Yeasts are unable to metabolise ethanol into any useful products. and a build up of ethnaol is toxic to cells.Instead, ethanol diffuses
out of cells,

Question 19

While oxygen is essential for the growth of many bacteria, it
can be toxic for many others. We can classify these bac

Answer 19

1.anaerobes, which cannot use oxygen

2. obligate anaerobes, which are killed by oxygen
3. obligate aerobes, which require oxygen

4.facultative anaerobes or facultative aerobes, which can grow without oxygen, but grow better in the
presence of oxygen.

Question 20

How is glucose converted into lactic acid in animals

Answer 20

lactic acid fermentation

Question 21

How is glucose converted into ethanol and c02in anmals

Answer 21

ethanol/alcohol fermentation

Question 22

compare the stages in aerobic cellular respiration to anaerobic fermentation

Answer 22

Aerobic celluar respiration:
Glycolyiss
Krebs cycle
Electron tranpsort chain

Anaerobic fermentation:
Glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation in animals
Ethanol fermentation in yeast

Question 23

Inputs and Outputs of aerobic celluar respiration

Answer 23

Inputs:
C6H1206
02

Outputs:
C02
H20
30 or 32 atp

Question 24

Inputs and outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 24

Inputs:
C6H1206

Outputs:
Lactic acid(animals)
2 Ethanol 2 C02(yeast)
2 ATP

Question 25

How much ATP per glucose molecule is produced in aerobic cellular respiration compared to anerobic fermentation

AND comapre the speed of aerobic celluar respiration and anaerobic fermentation

Answer 25

Aerobic celluar respiration:
30 or 32 ATP per glucose molecule

Anaerobic fermentation:
2 ATP per glucose molecule

Aerobic cellular respiration is slow due to more complex biochemical reactions and requires oxygen, whereas anaerobic fermentation is fast because it operates without oxygen and can produce energy fast through simpler biochemical pathways

Question 26

Compare the sustainability of aerobic cellular respiration vs anaerobic fermentation.

Answer 26

aerobic cellular respiration can continue indefinitely because its highly effiecnt at generating ATP, whereas anaerobic fermentation cannot occur indefintely due a toxic build up of lactic acid or ethanol.

Question 27

What happens if an inhibitor blocks the electron transport chain

Answer 27

glycolysis can still occur because glucose can still be broekn donw into pyruvate and krebs cycle can still occur, however however the electron transport change cannot occur so the consequence is that means that only 4 ATP is produced

NADH AND FADH2 builds up in the cells because in the elecotrn transport chang eitll be unloaded but it cant be unloadedd anymore os it builds up this iis the effect of the inhibitors

Question 28

why is so little ATP produced in anaerobic fermentation

Answer 28

Anaerobic fermentation relies soley on glycolysis
for ATP production. The Krebs cycle wher some
ATP is produced in absent but espeically electron transport chain is absent, wherre the vast majorty of the ATP is produced does not occur

Question 29

What is the primary function of anerobic fermentation, considering its function is not primarily to produce ATP

Answer 29

The primary function of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ to sustain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, rather than to produce large amounts of ATP.

Question 30

In the electron transport chain of aerobic celluar respiration, waht does NADH and FADH2 do

Answer 30

NADH and FADH2 transports H+ and e- they have saved up from glycolysis, through the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain where they release(unload) the hydrogens and electrons.

Question 31

Why is oxygen referred to as the final acceptor

Answer 31

Oxygen is referred to as the final acceptor because oxygen mops up all the electrons that run through the chain

Question 32

What happens at the very end of the electron transport chain of aerobic celluar respiration

Answer 32

because at the end of the electron transport chain, the hydrogen molecules that flow through it are reacted with oxygen and water, to make water

Question 33

Why is oxygen so important in celluar respiration

Answer 33

If the cell does not have access to oxygen, then it can only use anaerobic respiration to produce energy, which yields much lower numbers of ATP molecules.

Question 34

What are 2 reasons that anaerobic fermentation could occur instead of aerobic celluar respiration

Answer 34

anaerobic fermentation could occur if the cell does not have acces to oxygen thereofre it has to underoge anaerobic fermentation to produce energy OR if energy is required quickly becaues anaerobic fermenation has fewer steps therefore occurs quicker, than aerobic celluar respiration which is a more length and complicated process.

Question 35

If a cell requires energy quickly, what process will it go under, why will it go under this process and what setbacks does this process has

Answer 35

If a cell requires neergyqucikcly it will underogoe anaerbboci fermenaiton because it will provide the cell with energy quickly, however fewer, only 2 ATP is produced per glucose. However, if the cell requires energy quickly for a short preiod of time this is okay because anerobic respiration is unlikely to run for prolonged periods.

Question 36

Why does pryvuate get converted in alchol femrneaiton r lactic acid fermenation, why do these steps even occur if no atp is produced in them

Answer 36

the mechanism of alcohol femrneaiton or laticic ac fmenreaiton occur to oxidise NADH back into NAD+ for glycosis, so that atp can be produced again

Question 37

What are the byproducts of alcohol fermenation

Answer 37

pryuvate gets converte dinto ethnaol, producing 2 c02 molecules and 2 NAD+ molecules as the byproducts whcih get cycled back to glycolysis

Question 38

how is alochol femrneation used practially

Answer 38

alcohol femrnaiton is used to add yeasts to plant material to develop alcoholic beverages or ethanol can be used as a renewable fuel that does not pollute the enviornment and is the primary ingriednet in hand hand sanisiter.

Question 39

Why is C02 not a byproduct of lactic acid fermentation

Answer 39

lactic acid is a 3 carbon molecule, instead pyruvate gets broken down into lactic acid, producing NAD+ as a byproduction without relaisng C02.

Question 40

Despite all the differences between alcoholo and lactic acid fermenation, what are similarties between the 2

Answer 40

both processes occur in the cytoplasm
both processs can only produce 2 ATP

they are both a wayto make pyruvate less toxic to cells

Question 41

why is aerobic celluar respiration so critical

Answer 41

there is a limit tomuch anaeorbic fermentation ATP can produce and only produces ATP for short periods of time thereofre is less reliable, Many processes require larger amounts of ATP to be produced for prolonged periods of time whihc ocucr via aerobiccelluar repsiraitoj eg. running a marathon

Question 42

• how does glycolysis help in the functioning of a cell even if there is an absence of oxygen and elaborate the process
  if an unlimited glucose with no oxygen is present but a limited amount of nad is present, how can the cell continue to function

Answer 42

NADH gets oxidised to NAD+ to be recycled in glycolysis, as long as glucose is present the cell can continue respiring.

Question 43

in anerobic respiration where is ATP prodcued

Answer 43

glycolysis of anaerobic celluar respiration