6B Anaeorbic fermentation Flashcards
what is the function of the electron transport chain cellular aerobic respiration
the electron transport
chain, produces the bulk of a cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration, requires
oxygen accepts free protons and
electrons that have accumulated from the production of ATP to form water molecules
What happens if the electorn transport chian does not occur or exist
Without the electron transport
chain, the loaded coenzymes, such as NADH and FADH2, cannot drop off their electrons
and be converted back to unloaded NAD+ and FAD, and as ETC produces most of the cells atp, little atp will be produced
What happens in aerobic conditions
glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate),
How does Anerobic fermentation produce ATP
glycolysis breaks down
of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. In doing so, it converts two NAD+ molecules to
NADH and produces two molecules of ATP in the absence of oxygen via alocjol femrnetation in yeast or lactic acid femrnentaiton in animals
- how does glycolysis help in the functioning of a cell even if there is an absence of oxygen and elaborate the process
glycolysis can continue providing energy to the cell even if there is absence of oxygen as it breaks down glucose and produces 2atp, 2nadh and 2pyruvate
then the pyruvate is turned into lactic acid or ethanol recyling the nadh back into nad+
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so the process can continue indefinitely even if there is no oxygen
Justifying why aerobic cellular respiration cannot progress in anaerobic conditions, as well as reasoning
why anaerobic pathways of metabolism require stages after glycolysis, helps you to better understand
the process of cellular respiration.
Aerobic respiration cannot occur without oxygen, because oxygen is needed as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. Anaerobic pathways, like lactic acid fermentation in animals and alcoholic fermentation in yeast, regenerate NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue and produce ATP without oxygen.
compare anaerobic fermentation in animals and yeast
In yeast, glucose gets converted into pyruvate using 2 ATP and NAD+ gets converted into NADH, which produces ethanol and 2 C02 molecules
In animals, glucose gets converted into pyruvate using 2 ATP and NADH gets converted back into NAD+, which produces lactic acid.
However, both processes convert NADH back into NAD+ for glycolys
How does anaerobic fermentation affect the krebs cycle and electron transprot chain
Anaerobic fermentations inhibits/disrupts the krebs cycle and electron transport chain by disrupting the flow of of electrons and reducing the availability of NAD+, respectively
Compare were anaerobic fermentation and aerobic celluar respiration occur
anaerobic fermenation occurs in the cystol, whereas aerobic celluar respiration occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell and the cystol and the cristae
Process/process of the inputs and outputs of the anaerobic fermentation
Glucose is broken down into 2 pryuvate molecules and 2 ATP molecules. IN GLYCOLYSIS, In animals, lactic acid is produced, and in yeast, ethanol is produced NAD+ is loaded with H+ to form NADH and is recycled again to form NAD+, producing 2 C02 molecules.
Lactic acid fermentation process—process of anaerobic fermentation in plants
In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pryuvate.
NAD+ becomes loaded with H+ to form NADH
Pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid during anaerobic fermentation
This causes NADPH be oxidised into NAD+ to be reused in glycolysis
Lactic acid cannot accumulate in the blood. Instead, when oxygen is avaliable, lactic acid is converted into pryuvate used in celluar respiraiton.
In what ways can yeast respire
aerobically by creating 30 or 32 ATP or and anaerobically by producing ethanol and 2 C02 and 2 atp
Ethanol fermentation process-anerobic fermentation occur in yeast process
Inglycolysis, glucose is broken down into pryuvate.
NAD+ becomes loaded with H+ to form NADPH
pryuvate gets broken down into ethanol and c02
Ethanol diffuses out of the cell via passive diffusion to ensure fermentation can continue. However ethanol does not continue fermenatation when alcohol builds up in the external environment until alcohol does not diffuse out
What is ethanol fermenation used for
Beer, wine, bread and as a renewable source of fuel
When oxygen is present again, lactic acid is
metabolised back into pyruvate and used for aerobic cellular respiration. WHY
Lactic acid cannot accumulate indefinitely, as it lowers the pH of our cells( too acidic) and blood, and
can be toxic in high amounts
Define ethanol/alcohol fermentation vs lactic acid fermentation
ethanol fermentation is anaerobic fermentation that occurs in yeast, bacteria and plants where pyruvate produced via glycolysis is converted into 2 ethanol and 2 C02 (the product)
Lactic acid fermentation is anaerobic fermentation that occurs in animals where pyruvate is produced via glycolysis and is converted into 2 lactic acid molecules and 2 ATP s(end products)
How do yeasts contribute to the rising of bread during baking?
ethanol
fermentation,
Yeasts metabolize sugars, such as glucose in the dough, producing carbon dioxide, which allows the bread to expand and rise, while ethanol is removed during baking.
Why is ethanol diffused out
Yeasts are unable to metabolise ethanol into any useful products. and a build up of ethnaol is toxic to cells.Instead, ethanol diffuses
out of cells,
While oxygen is essential for the growth of many bacteria, it
can be toxic for many others. We can classify these bac
1.anaerobes, which cannot use oxygen
- obligate anaerobes, which are killed by oxygen
- obligate aerobes, which require oxygen
4.facultative anaerobes or facultative aerobes, which can grow without oxygen, but grow better in the
presence of oxygen.
How is glucose converted into lactic acid in animals
lactic acid fermentation
How is glucose converted into ethanol and c02in anmals
ethanol/alcohol fermentation
compare the stages in aerobic cellular respiration to anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic celluar respiration:
Glycolyiss
Krebs cycle
Electron tranpsort chain
Anaerobic fermentation:
Glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation in animals
Ethanol fermentation in yeast
Inputs and Outputs of aerobic celluar respiration
Inputs:
C6H1206
02
Outputs:
C02
H20
30 or 32 atp
Inputs and outputs of anaerobic cellular respiration
Inputs:
C6H1206
Outputs:
Lactic acid(animals)
2 Ethanol 2 C02(yeast)
2 ATP
How much ATP per glucose molecule is produced in aerobic cellular respiration compared to anerobic fermentation
AND comapre the speed of aerobic celluar respiration and anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic celluar respiration:
30 or 32 ATP per glucose molecule
Anaerobic fermentation:
2 ATP per glucose molecule
Aerobic cellular respiration is slow due to more complex biochemical reactions and requires oxygen, whereas anaerobic fermentation is fast because it operates without oxygen and can produce energy fast through simpler biochemical pathways
Compare the sustainability of aerobic cellular respiration vs anaerobic fermentation.
aerobic cellular respiration can continue indefinitely because its highly effiecnt at generating ATP, whereas anaerobic fermentation cannot occur indefintely due a toxic build up of lactic acid or ethanol.
What happens if an inhibitor blocks the electron transport chain
glycolysis can still occur because glucose can still be broekn donw into pyruvate and krebs cycle can still occur, however however the electron transport change cannot occur so the consequence is that means that only 4 ATP is produced
NADH AND FADH2 builds up in the cells because in the elecotrn transport chang eitll be unloaded but it cant be unloadedd anymore os it builds up this iis the effect of the inhibitors
why is so little ATP produced in anaerobic fermentation
Anaerobic fermentation relies soley on glycolysis
for ATP production. The Krebs cycle wher some
ATP is produced in absent but espeically electron transport chain is absent, wherre the vast majorty of the ATP is produced does not occur
What is the primary function of anerobic fermentation, considering its function is not primarily to produce ATP
The primary function of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ to sustain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, rather than to produce large amounts of ATP.
In the electron transport chain of aerobic celluar respiration, waht does NADH and FADH2 do
NADH and FADH2 transports H+ and e- they have saved up from glycolysis, through the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain where they release(unload) the hydrogens and electrons.
Why is oxygen referred to as the final acceptor
Oxygen is referred to as the final acceptor because oxygen mops up all the electrons that run through the chain
What happens at the very end of the electron transport chain of aerobic celluar respiration
because at the end of the electron transport chain, the hydrogen molecules that flow through it are reacted with oxygen and water, to make water
Why is oxygen so important in celluar respiration
If the cell does not have access to oxygen, then it can only use anaerobic respiration to produce energy, which yields much lower numbers of ATP molecules.
What are 2 reasons that anaerobic fermentation could occur instead of aerobic celluar respiration
anaerobic fermentation could occur if the cell does not have acces to oxygen thereofre it has to underoge anaerobic fermentation to produce energy OR if energy is required quickly becaues anaerobic fermenation has fewer steps therefore occurs quicker, than aerobic celluar respiration which is a more length and complicated process.
If a cell requires energy quickly, what process will it go under, why will it go under this process and what setbacks does this process has
If a cell requires neergyqucikcly it will underogoe anaerbboci fermenaiton because it will provide the cell with energy quickly, however fewer, only 2 ATP is produced per glucose. However, if the cell requires energy quickly for a short preiod of time this is okay because anerobic respiration is unlikely to run for prolonged periods.
Why does pryvuate get converted in alchol femrneaiton r lactic acid fermenation, why do these steps even occur if no atp is produced in them
the mechanism of alcohol femrneaiton or laticic ac fmenreaiton occur to oxidise NADH back into NAD+ for glycosis, so that atp can be produced again
What are the byproducts of alcohol fermenation
pryuvate gets converte dinto ethnaol, producing 2 c02 molecules and 2 NAD+ molecules as the byproducts whcih get cycled back to glycolysis
how is alochol femrneation used practially
alcohol femrnaiton is used to add yeasts to plant material to develop alcoholic beverages or ethanol can be used as a renewable fuel that does not pollute the enviornment and is the primary ingriednet in hand hand sanisiter.
Why is C02 not a byproduct of lactic acid fermentation
lactic acid is a 3 carbon molecule, instead pyruvate gets broken down into lactic acid, producing NAD+ as a byproduction without relaisng C02.
Despite all the differences between alcoholo and lactic acid fermenation, what are similarties between the 2
both processes occur in the cytoplasm
both processs can only produce 2 ATP
they are both a wayto make pyruvate less toxic to cells
why is aerobic celluar respiration so critical
there is a limit tomuch anaeorbic fermentation ATP can produce and only produces ATP for short periods of time thereofre is less reliable, Many processes require larger amounts of ATP to be produced for prolonged periods of time whihc ocucr via aerobiccelluar repsiraitoj eg. running a marathon
- how does glycolysis help in the functioning of a cell even if there is an absence of oxygen and elaborate the process
if an unlimited glucose with no oxygen is present but a limited amount of nad is present, how can the cell continue to function
NADH gets oxidised to NAD+ to be recycled in glycolysis, as long as glucose is present the cell can continue respiring.
in anerobic respiration where is ATP prodcued
glycolysis of anaerobic celluar respiration
