6A-Aeorbic celluar respiration Flashcards
The mitochondrion
a a double-membrane-bound organelle that is the site where cellular respiraton(krebs and etc) occurs
cellular respiration
the process by
which cells create usable energy
in the form of ATP from a series of
biochemical reactions, involving
the breakdown of glucose
What is glucose
simple 6-carbon
sugar molecule that is the amin produce of photosythensis and is the main energy source in aerobic celluar respiration and anaerobic respiration
Why is glucose broken down/why does cellular respiration occur
Glucose carries to much energy, that it cannot be useful in biochemical reactions in cells, therefore cellular respiration has to occur by breaking the energy stored in glucose down
What are the ways that glucose can be broken down to produce ATP
aerobic cellular respiration
anaerobic fermentation
Difference between aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen, whereas
anaerobic fermentation does not.
ATP
adenosine triphosphate,
a high energy molecule that,
when broken down, provides
energy for cellular processes
aerobic cellular respiration
cellular respiration that occurs in
the presence of oxygen. Involves
three stages, during which glucose
and O2 are converted into 30 or 32 ATP,
CO2, and water
anaerobic fermentation
a metabolic pathway that occurs
in the absence of oxygen. Involves
glycolysis, followed by further
reactions that convert pyruvate
into lactic acid in animals, or
ethanol and CO2 in yeast
what is the formula for cellular aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2—–6C02+ 6 H2O+ 30 or 32 ATP
compare anaerobic fermentation and aerobic celluar respiration
Anaerobic fermentation produces only 2 ATP—but aerobic cellular respiration produces 30 OR 32 ATP
anaerobic pathwya produces harmful products, lactic acid or ethanol that the cells quickly diposes of before it accumaltes, wherase aerobic celluar respiraiton does not
anaerobic fermentation pathway is different in yeast and
plants compared to animals, whereas the aerobic cellular respiration pathway remains the
same in both.
anaerobic fermentation does not require oxygen, whereas aerobic celluar respiration does require oxygne
what would happen if lactic acid or ethanol accumulated in the cell
Lactic acid or ethanol could building up could lower PH levels within the cell, therefore disrupting the cells internal environment—-therefore this change in PH if dcereases to below optium could cause enzyme denaturation decreasing the rate of anaeoric fermnetaion because enzymes willnot be functioning therefore not be able to catalasethe reaction
High concentrations of lactic acid and ethanol can be toxic to cells, as they can damage cells and impairc elluar function therefore, leading to cell disfunction or apoptosis, therefore the entire anaerobic pathway cannot occur so ATP caanot be produced
what does it mean if the cell undergoes anaerobic fermentation instead of aerobic respiration
it may indicate that the cell did not have enough oxygen to carry out aerobic celluar respriaiton or the cell required energy to be produced quickyl/immeditely
equation for lactic acid fermentation in animals
glucose—-Lactic acid + ATP
equation Plants and yeast: alcohol fermentation
Glucose—-Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + ATP
Aerobic cellular respiration stages:
1 Glycolysis
2 The Krebs cycle
3 The electron transport chain
glycolysis
the first stage of
aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermenration in which glucose is broken down into to two pyruvate molecules, creating two ATP and two NADH molecules in the process
Krebs cycle
the second stage of
aerobic cellular respiration, where multiple reactions occur to create ATP, NADH, FADH2, and the waste product CO2. Also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle
electron transport chain
the
third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, in
which a series of
proteins embedded in the cristae of the mitochondria harness the stored energy in NADH and FADH2 to generate large amounts of ATP
cytosol
the aqueous fluid that
surrounds a cell’s organelles
inside the plasma membrane
The role of mitochondria in aerobic cellular respiration
, krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochodnira and where the electron transport chain occurs, in the cristae of the mitochondira
mitochondrial matrix
the space
inside the inner membrane of a
mitochondrion. The site of the
Krebs cycle
cristae of the mitochondria
the folds
of the inner membrane of a
mitochondrion. The site of the
electron transport chain
Aerobic cellular respiration vs photosynthesis
photosynthesis requires water
as an input and output whilst water is only an output of aerobic cellular respiration.
Photosythensis: in the chloroplasts, carbon dioxide, water and light energy are used to produce glucose and oxygen. Whereas, in aerobic celluar respiration, occurs in the mitochodnira and glucose and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP
However, both processes recycle the outputs of the other reaction and use them as inputs
pyruvate
a three-carbon molecule
that can be formed from the
breakdown of glucose via glycolysis rovides energy to the living cells through Kreb’s cycle.
NAD
coenzyme
that acts as a proton (H+)
and electron carrier in cellular
respiration. NAD can cycle
between its NAD+ and NADH
forms, depending on the reaction it
takes part in
Glycolysis—location and inputs and outputs
Location: cytosol
Inputs:
1 Glucose
2 NAD+
2(ADP+Pi)
Outputs:
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2ATP
Process of glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in the cytstol
glucose is broken down to pyruvate
2 ADP+ 2 Pi are converted into 2ATP which are now free to power cellular reactions.
the H+ ions and electrons are carried by NAD+ to become high energy carrying molecule NADH,
NADH and 2 pyruvate molecules get transported to the mitochondria for the Krebs cycle
The link reaction the process that happens after glycolysis but before Krebs Cycle
the process that happens after glycolysis but before Krebs Cycle
pyruvate is transported to the matrix of the
mitochondria and combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA—this link reaction also releases 2 C02 molecules and produces NADH
Process of Krebs cycle
Pyruvate from glycolysis is transported to the mitochondria. Then the link reaction occurs where,pyruvate combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl Co-A, producing 2 C02 molecules and NADH
Next, in the matrix of the mitochondria, acetyl CoA is further broken down into 4C02 molecules and C02 is released as a gas
Protons and electrons are loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce high energy carrying coenzymes NADH and FADH2—used in the electron transport chain and 2 ATP molecules are prodcued
Inputs/Outputs of the Krebs cycle
Inputs:
2 Acetyl Co-A
2 FAD
6 NAD+
2(ADP+Pi)
Outputs:
4 C02
2 NADH
6 FADH2
2ATP
Process of the electron transport chain
Electron transport chain occurs in the cristae OF THE MITOCHONDRIA, H+ and e- from NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and Krebs cycle are unloaded. These e= and H+ are transported through the series of proteins, and protons pass through ATP synthase to produce 26 or 28 ATP. 02 accepts H+ to form water.
Inputs and outputs of the electron transport chain
Inputs:
6 02
10 NADH
2 FADH2
26 OR 28(ADP+Pi)
Outputs:
2 H20
2 NAD+
2 FAD
26 OR 28 ATP
ATP synthase
an enzyme in the
inner mitochondrial membrane
that uses the concentration
gradient of H+ to synthesise ATP
from ADP and Pi
What do enzymes and coenzymes do in celluar respiration
Enzymes, with the help of their coenzyme assistants, catalyse the reactions of cellular
respiration to allow the cells to break down and extract the energy from glucose fast enough
to drive many processes that require energy.
Enzymes are regulated to ensure the correct amount of ATP are produced.
What are the key enzymes in cellular respiration and what are their functions
Pyruvate kinase:
catalyses the final step in glycolysis to produce pyruvate and ATP
Citrate synthase:
First enzyme is the Krebs cycle that allows the recycling of acetyl-CoA
Cytochrome c oxidase:
Key enzyme of the electron transport chain that attaches H+ and e- to produce oxygen and water.
What are the key Co-enzymes in cellular respiration AND their functions
ATP provides energy for cellular respiration to occur
NAD^+ serves as an electron carrier by accepting electrons and becomes reduced to NADH
FAD serves as an electron carrier by accepting and donating electrons, and facilicating ATP production and reduced to FADH2
CoA vCoA reduces nad+ to nadh and produces co2
How is it that coenzymes are always efficiently recycled
coenzymes are
unloaded in reactions that need extra energy and become loaded in reactions that produce
energy.
compare the purpose of celluar respiration and photosythensis
the prupose of celluar respiration is to break down glucose to make ATP so it can be used by the cell. wereas the purpose of photosytehsnis is to create glucose by using carbon dioixde andwater with the action of light
aeorbic celluar respiration celluar respiration equation
C6H1206+602+H20—–6C02+12H20+30 or 32 ATP
why is specifcally 2 pyruvate produced
a single glucose molecule has 6 carbons, whereas a single pyruvate molecule has 3 carbons, therefore glucose gets split into half, producing 2 pyruvate molecules.
How is ATP produced as an outputs of glyoclysis
by adding a phosphate onto ADP
major purpose of the Krebs Cycle
to prepare for the final stage of photosynthesis, electron transport chain as its primary role is to produce NADH and FADH2, which are essential for the ETC.
What stage of aerobic celluar respiration and photosythensis produced the most energy
electron transport chain
What happens if enzymes are not present
cellular aerobic respiraiton or anerobic repsiration or photosytehnsis will be much slower becauase tthen celluar processes cannot be catalaysed
when do Coenzymes ADP, CoA, NAD+ and FAD become high energy carrying molecules
when loaded iwth protosn and electrons in the krebs cycle
