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Biology A1 & A2 > 6A: Stimuli and response > Flashcards

6A: Stimuli and response Flashcards

- Tropism in plants (IAA) - Taxis and kinesis - Receptors (Pacinian corpuscle & eye) - Control of heart rate

1
Q

What is a tropism?

A

The response of a plant to a directional stimulus

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2
Q

What is a positive/negative tropism?

A

Positive - growth towards the stimulus

negative - growth away from the stimulus

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3
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Growth of a plant in response to light

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4
Q

What type of phototropism do shoots have?

A

Shoots have positive phototropism - they grow towards light

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5
Q

What type of phototropism do roots have?

A

Roots have negative phototropism - they grow away from light

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6
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Growth of a plant in response to gravity

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7
Q

What type of gravitropism do shoots have?

A

Shoots have negative gravitropism - they grow upwards

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8
Q

What type of gravitropism do roots have?

A

Roots have positive gravitropism - they grow downwards

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9
Q

What is IAA and where is it produced?

A

Indoleacetic acid (IAA) is a type of auxin is produced in the meristem tissue in flowering plants.

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10
Q

How is IAA transported around the plant?

A

Via diffusion and active transport over short distances, via the phloem over long distances

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11
Q

What does IAA do to growth in shoots?

A

Promotes growth

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12
Q

What does IAA do to growth in roots?

A

Inhibits growth

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13
Q

Where does IAA move to during phototropism?

A

IAA is actively transported to the more shaded side of the root/shoot so there’s uneven growth

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14
Q

Describe what IAA does during phototropism in shoots

A

IAA conc. increases on the shaded side:
Increases plasticity of cell walls by actively transporting hydrogen ions from the cytoplasm to the spaces in the cell wall, causing the cells to elongate
= shoot grows towards the light

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15
Q

Describe what IAA does during phototropism in roots

A

IAA conc. increases on the shaded side:

Growth is inhibited so the root bends away from the light

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16
Q

Where does IAA move to during gravitropism?

A

IAA is actively transported to the underside of shoots and roots, so there’s uneven growth

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17
Q

Describe what IAA does during gravitropism in roots

A

IAA conc. increases on the lower side:

Growth is inhibited so the root grows downwards

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18
Q

Describe what IAA does during gravitropism in shoots

A

IAA conc. increases on the lower side:

Growth is promoted, cells elongate so the shoot grows upwards

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19
Q

What is a tactic response (taxes)?

A

A simple response to stimuli whose direction is determined by a directional stimulus
e.g a spider moving away from light 🕷️☀️

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20
Q

What is a kinetic response (kineses)?

Give an example

A

A simple response where speed + rate of change of direction will change in response to intensity of a non-directional stimulus
e.g in high humidity a woodlouse would move slowly and turn less (so that they stay in favourable conditions for longer)

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21
Q

Define positive taxis

A

Organism moves towards a favourable stimulus

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22
Q

Define negative taxis

A

Organism moves away from a favourable stimulus

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23
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Automatic, rapid responses that do NOT involve conscious areas of the brain

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24
Q

What 3 neurons are used in a reflex reaction?

A

Sensory –> Relay –> Motor

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25
Q

Why are reflex actions faster than normal voluntary actions?

A

Because they do not involve conscious areas of the brain

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26
Q

What 2 branches can the ‘nervous system’ be split into?

A

PNS (peripheral) and CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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27
Q

What are the two systems within the PNS?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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28
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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29
Q

Describe the autonomic nervous system

A

Controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands

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30
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

31
Q

Describe the sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight responses

  • Stimulate effectors and speeds up activities
  • Controls responses to stressful situations
  • heightens awareness
32
Q

Describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and Digest

  • Inhibits effectors and so slows down activities
  • Controls activities in normal restful conditions
  • Conserving energy and replenishing the body’s reserves
33
Q

How is heart rate controlled?

A

The sinoatrial node sends out waves of electrical excitation

34
Q

Describe the (5) stages of the control of heart rate

A
  1. A wave of electrical excitation spreads out from the SA node causing both atria to contract
  2. The wave of excitation reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. There is a short delay at the AV node
  4. The signal then passes down the bundle of His to the Purkinje fibres
  5. The wave of excitation is released from the Purkinje tissues causing the ventricles to contract from the base upwards
35
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

A region of the brain that controls changes to heart rate

36
Q

Describe the cardioacceleratory centre

A

Centre in the medulla oblongata that increases heart rate - linked to the SA node by the sympathetic nervous system

37
Q

Describe the cardioinhibitory centre

A

Centre in the medulla oblongata that decreases heart rate - linked to SA node by the parasympathetic

38
Q

Describe how chemoreceptors modify heart rate during exercise

(9 steps)

A
  1. Increase in rate of respiration
  2. Increase in CO₂ production
  3. Decrease pH of blood
  4. Detected by chemoreceptors
  5. Increases frequency of impulses sent to cardioacceleratory centre
  6. Increases frequency of impulses sent from the cardioacceleratory centre to the SA node via the sympathetic nervous system
  7. SA node increases heart rate
  8. Increased removal of CO₂
  9. Blood pH increases and returns to normal
39
Q

What are chemoreceptors and where are they found?

A

They are receptors that detect change in blood pH, they are found in the wall of carotid arteries

40
Q

Describe how chemoreceptors modify heart rate to decrease blood pH

A
  1. Decrease in rate of respiration, so decrease in CO₂ production = Increase pH of blood
  2. Detected by chemoreceptors
  3. Increases frequency of impulses sent to cardioinhibitory centre
  4. Increases frequency of impulses sent from cardioinhibitory centre to SA node via the parasympathetic nervous system
  5. SA node decreases heart rate
  6. Decrease removal of CO₂
  7. Blood pH returns to normal
41
Q

What happens to blood pressure if you reduce cardiac output?

A

Blood pressure decreases

42
Q

What happens to blood pressure if you reduce heart rate?

A

Blood pressure decreases

43
Q

What are baroreceptors and where are they found?

A

They detect changes in pressure and they are found in the carotid arteries and aorta

44
Q

Describe how baroreceptors modify heart rate when blood pressure is higher than normal.

A
  1. Baroreceptors transmit more impulses to the cardioinhibitory centre
  2. More impulses are sent from the cardioinhibitory centre to the SA node via the parasympathetic nervous system
  3. SA node decreases heart rate
45
Q

Describe how baroreceptors modify heart rate when blood pressure is lower than normal.

A
  1. Baroreceptors transmit more nervous impulses to the cardioacceleratory centre
  2. More impulses are sent to the SA node via the sympathetic nervous system
  3. SA node increases heart rate.
46
Q

Explain how the contraction of the heart is myogenic

A

The signal for cardiac compression arises within the heart tissue itself (rather than the brain)

47
Q

Why are receptors described as specific?

A

Because they only detect one type of stimulus e.g light, pressure or glucose conc.

48
Q

What type of stimulus is detected by the pacinian corpuscle?

A

Mechanical e.g pressure

49
Q

Where is the pacinian corpuscle found?

A

Skin, joints, ligaments and tendons

50
Q

Describe how a generator potential is created in a pacinian corpuscle

(4)

A
  1. Pressure causes pacinian corpuscle to be stretched (stretch mediated Na+ channels open)
  2. Na+ diffuses into the neuron
  3. Neuron becomes depolarised creating a generator potential
  4. The generator potential leads to an action potential
51
Q

What is a transducer?

A

Converts one form of energy into another (convert the energy of the stimulus into the energy of an electrical impulse)

52
Q

What does light enter the eye through and how is this controlled?

A

Light enters the eye through the pupil, this is controlled by the muscles of the iris

53
Q

What type of cells does the retina contain?

A

Photoreceptor cells

54
Q

What focuses light onto the retina?

A

The lens

55
Q

What is the fovea?

A

An area of the retina where there are lots of photoreceptors

56
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

A bundle of neurons that carries nerve impulses from the photoreceptor cells in the retina to the brain.

57
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors in the human eye?

A

Rods and cones

58
Q

Describe how photoreceptors in the eye convert light into an electrical impulse

A
  1. Light enters the eye, hits the photoreceptors and is absorbed by light-sensitive optical pigments
  2. Light bleaches the pigments, causing chemical change
59
Q

What stimulus is detected by rods?

A

Low intensity light

60
Q

Where are rods found?

A

The retina

61
Q

What is rhodopsin formed from?

A

Opsin and retinal

62
Q

What pigment do rods contain?

A

Rhodopsin

63
Q

Describe how rod cells produce an action potential

A
  • Light strikes rod cell
  • Rhodopsin breaks down to form retinal and opsin
  • This causes the rod cells to depolarise
  • A generator potential occurs
  • This leads to an action potential in the bipolar neuron
64
Q

What stimulus is detected by cones?

A

High intensity (bright) light

65
Q

Where, specifically, are cones found?

A

Retina (fovea)

66
Q

What pigment do cones cells contain?

A

Iodopsin

67
Q

How many types of iodopsin are there? Describe them

A

3 types of iodopsin:

Red, Green and blue

68
Q

Describe how cone cells produce an action potential

A
  • Light strikes cone cell
  • Iodopsin breaks down
  • This causes the cone cells to depolarise
  • A generator potential occurs
  • This leads to an action potential in the bipolar neuron
69
Q

What type of summation do rod cells carry out? what effect does this have on visual acuity

A

Rods carry out spatial summation (more than one rod synapses with one bipolar neuron). It results in low visual acuity

70
Q

What type of vision do rod cells produce?

A

Black and white

71
Q

Which is more sensitive to light, rhodopsin or iodopsin?

A

Rhodopsin is more sensitive

72
Q

What type of vision do cone cells produce?

A

Different cones for different wavelengths of light = colour vision

73
Q

Why do cone cells produce high visual acuity?

A

Because only one cone cell synapses with one bipolar neuron

Biology A1 & A2 (19 decks)

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