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Biology > 68: Phylogeny and development of organ of vision > Flashcards

68: Phylogeny and development of organ of vision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first step in eye development?

A

The development starts with the optic vesicles forming from the diencephalon, a part of the brain.

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2
Q

What is Lens Placode Formation?

A

The optic vesicles signal the nearby surface ectoderm to thicken, forming the lens placode.

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3
Q

What happens during Lens Pit Formation?

A

The lens placode invaginates to create the lens pit.

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4
Q

What occurs during the transition from Optic Vesicle to Optic Cup?

A

Simultaneously, the optic vesicle invaginates to form a bilayer optic cup.

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5
Q

What is Optic Stalk Formation?

A

The optic stalk develops to connect the optic vesicle with the forebrain.

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6
Q

What is Lens Vesicle Creation?

A

The lens pit further develops into the lens vesicle.

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7
Q

What is Cornea Induction?

A

The lens vesicle induces the formation of the cornea.

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8
Q

What happens during Retinal Development?

A

The optic cup forms the retina; the outer layer becomes the retinal pigment epithelium and the inner layer differentiates into other retinal layers.

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9
Q

What occurs during Iris and Ciliary Body Formation?

A

The anterior rim of the optic cup, along with neural crest cells, forms the iris and the ciliary body.

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10
Q

What causes Myopia (Nearsightedness) and how is it corrected?

A

Distant objects appear blurry because the image is focused in front of the retina. Corrected using concave lenses, which spread the light before it reaches the eye.

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11
Q

What causes Hyperopia (Farsightedness) and how is it corrected?

A

Close objects appear blurry as images are focused behind the retina. Convex lenses are used to correct this by converging the light before it hits the eye.

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12
Q

What is Astigmatism and how is it corrected?

A

Causes blurry vision at certain distances due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens, corrected with specially shaped lenses.

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13
Q

What is Presbyopia and how is it corrected?

A

Age-related condition where the eye loses the ability to focus on near objects, often corrected with reading glasses.

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14
Q

What are the Outer Eye Layers and their functions?

A

o Sclera: Tough, fibrous tissue providing structural support and protection.
o Cornea: Transparent, dome-shaped structure that refracts light towards the pupil, crucial for focusing light onto the retina.

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15
Q

What are the Middle Eye Layers and their functions?

A

o Choroid Layer: Vascular layer supplying nutrients to the retina, contains pigmented cells to prevent light scattering.
o Iris and Pupil: Iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by controlling pupil size.
o Lens: Behind the iris, adjusts focus through accommodation.
o Aqueous Humor: Watery fluid maintaining intraocular pressure and nourishing the cornea and lens.

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16
Q

What are the Inner Eye Layers and their functions?

A

o Retina: Contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) for detecting light and color, crucial for sending visual information to the brain.
o Vitreous Humor: Gel-like substance supporting the eye’s shape and aiding in light transmission to the retina.

17
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

This is the phenomenon where two unrelated lineages evolve similar traits independently, often as a response to analogous environmental pressures.

18
Q

What was the initial feature of the Eye Shape and Lens in early evolution?

A

Initially featured an elliptical shape with a spherical, non-adjustable lens.

19
Q

How do teleosts and some sharks and rays achieve focusing?

A

Teleosts (bony fish) use a musculus retractor to pull the lens towards the retina for focusing, whereas sharks and rays use a musculus protractor to move the lens away.

20
Q

What is the Tapetum Lucidum and its function in some species?

A

Some species may have this reflective layer, enhancing low-light vision.

21
Q

How do amphibians achieve Lens Accommodation?

A

Achieved by moving the lens forward to focus on nearby objects.

22
Q

What kind of vision do amphibians have?

A

Equipped with rods and cones for color vision.

23
Q

What features do amphibians have for eye protection?

A

Features a fixed upper eyelid and a transparent nictitating membrane (membrana nicticans) for protection.

24
Q

How do pupil shapes differ in diurnal and nocturnal reptile species?

A

Diurnal species typically have round pupils; nocturnal species have vertical pupils.

25
Q

What eye covering do snakes have?

A

Snakes possess a spectacle, a transparent layer shed during ecdysis.

26
Q

What is the Pecten Oculi and its function in birds and some reptiles?

A

This structure projects into the vitreous body, nourishing the retina and regulating pH.

27
Q

What visual capabilities do birds have?

A

Birds have tetrachromatic vision, with cones sensitive to UV radiation, and some species have a second fovea for enhanced sideways viewing.

28
Q

What adaptations do water birds have for vision?

A

Extra eye muscles adjust the cornea and lens curvature.

29
Q

How do nocturnal birds adapt to low light conditions?

A

Nocturnal birds have densely packed retinal rods and a tapetum lucidum for improved night vision.

30
Q

What is the specific function of the Pecten Oculi in birds?

A

Elevates blood vessels away from the retina to enhance clarity and protect them from UV damage. Also increases the space for aqueous fluid, improving light convergence.

31
Q

How do mammals generally perceive color?

A

Generally dichromatic, with adaptations varying among species.

32
Q

What adaptation do predatory nocturnal mammals have for enhanced night vision?

A

Possess a tapetum lucidum for enhanced night vision.

33
Q

What is Orbital Convergence in predatory mammals?

A

Predatory mammals evolved a higher degree of orbital convergence to improve depth perception.

Biology (10 decks)

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