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Biology > 62: Phylogeny and development of the skull > Flashcards

62: Phylogeny and development of the skull Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the neurocranium (chondrocranium)?

A

Protects the brain and major sensory organs.

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2
Q

How does the neurocranium initially develop?

A

Initially forms as cartilage, derived from neural crest cells and mesoderm mesenchyme.

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of the neurocranium?

A

Regio Occipitalis, Regio Sphenoidalis (Orbitalis), Regio Otica, Regio Ethmoidalis.

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4
Q

What is the composition of the splanchnocranium?

A

Comprises branchial arches and their derivatives.

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5
Q

What is the origin of the splanchnocranium?

A

Derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm).

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6
Q

What is the function of the splanchnocranium?

A

Supports gills in fishes and contributes to facial bone formation in higher vertebrates.

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7
Q

How does the dermatocranium develop?

A

Arises from intramembranous ossification.

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8
Q

What is the function of the dermatocranium?

A

Serves as an external protective shield, covering the brain and sensory organs, and contributes to the formation of the upper jaw and tooth-bearing structures. It also protects the underside of the neurocranium and gills in bony fishes.

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9
Q

What is the material source of the dermatocranium?

A

Produced by the dermatome (mesoderm).

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10
Q

What are the two pivotal steps in head evolution?

A

Development of Jaws and Invention of the Braincase.

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11
Q

What did the development of jaws facilitate?

A

The transition from passive water filtering to active predation, enhancing feeding efficiency and dietary options.

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12
Q

What was supported by the invention of the braincase?

A

An enlarged nervous system, essential for advanced sensory processing and motor control.

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13
Q

What is the chondrocranium formation predominantly dependent on?

A

Embryonic neural crest cells.

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14
Q

What additional contributions are significant in chondrocranium formation?

A

Contributions from the mesoderm.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Agnathans (Cyclostomes)?

A

Primarily feature non-calcified cartilage skulls and significant contributions from neural crest cells to head cartilages.

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16
Q

What characterizes the development of Agnathans?

A

The expression of type-II collagen and SOX9 genes.

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17
Q

What does the transition from Agnatha to Fishes involve?

A

Ossification of skull cartilages and development of articulating jaws enhancing predatory capabilities and dietary diversity.

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18
Q

What predominates in early amniotes?

A

Sheet-like cartilages.

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19
Q

What is a key evolutionary development in mammals?

A

Development of robust connections between the skull and muscles for effective biting.

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20
Q

What is an important trait in hominids?

A

Evolved facial plasticity, crucial for social interactions and communication.

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21
Q

What is retained in cartilaginous fishes?

A

Primarily cartilaginous structures but they developed bony materials for scales and teeth, featuring a fully enclosed braincase.

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22
Q

What is a significant feature of bony fishes and tetrapods?

A

The endochondral braincase subdivides into specialized regions supporting various brain and sensory functions.

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23
Q

What is the origin of the facial skull (splanchnocranium)?

A

Developed from pairs of cartilages forming pharyngeal arches.

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24
Q

What does the Arcus Mandibularis form?

A

Forms the jaws.

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25
Q

What does the Arcus Hyoideus connect?

A

Connects facial skull elements.

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26
Q

What is the function of the Arcus Branchiales?

A

Supports gills.

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27
Q

What are the post-land invasion adaptations in the evolution of the hyoid and branchial arches?

A

Development of the middle ear, hyoid bone apparatus, and larynx.

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28
Q

What are the new structures developed in amphibian innovations?

A

Condyles for enhanced head motility and ear components (drum and stick).

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29
Q

What is a significant development in reptilian skull anatomy?

A

Introduction of the hard palate.

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30
Q

What is a key characteristic of the mammalian skull regarding bone structure?

A

Fusion of bones.

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31
Q

What type of bones dominate in the mammalian skull?

A

Dermal bones.

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32
Q

How is the cerebral skull volume in mammals compared to other vertebrates?

A

Large cerebral skull volume.

33
Q

What is an example of new bone evolution in mammals for endothermy?

A

Inferior nasal conchae.

34
Q

What are the middle ear bones in mammals derived from?

A

Articulare and quadratum.

35
Q

What unique feature is present in many mammalian skulls?

A

Two occipital condyles.

36
Q

What happens to the occipital bones in mammals?

A

Consolidation of occipital bones.

37
Q

Which bones are enlarged to form the skull roof in mammals?

A

Parietal and frontal bones.

38
Q

Which bone encompasses the entire otic region in mammals?

A

Temporal bone.

39
Q

How are the Os squamosum and angular bone integrated in mammals?

A

Into the temporal bone.

40
Q

What covers the nasal cavity in mammals?

A

Nasal bone.

41
Q

What bone supports the masseter muscle in mammals?

A

Zygomatic bone.

42
Q

What indicates intensive chewing in mammals?

A

Formation of the hard palate by premaxillae and maxillae.

43
Q

What is a characteristic of the palatine bone in mammals?

A

Part of the secondary hard palate.

44
Q

What forms the lower jaw joint in mammals?

A

Single bone lower jaw forming a joint with the squamosum.

45
Q

What is the temporal styloid process derived from in mammals?

A

Hyoid arch.

46
Q

What primarily forms the cranial base in primates?

A

Sphenoid region.

47
Q

How are the sphenoid region elements in primates unique?

A

Fusion into a single bone.

48
Q

What bones are included in the ethmoid bone formation in mammals?

A

Cribriform and perpendicular plates.

49
Q

What do the initial cartilage structures of the neurocranium form?

A

The brain case.

50
Q

What do the parachordal and prechordal cartilages join beneath?

A

They join beneath the brain.

51
Q

What is the result of the fusion of parachordal cartilages with the notochord?

A

Formation of the basal plate.

52
Q

What capsules develop in the embryonic development of the neurocranium?

A

Ethmoid and otic capsules.

53
Q

Around what do the olfactory and otic capsules form?

A

Respective sense organs.

54
Q

What does the neurocranium encase?

A

The brain and sensory organs.

55
Q

What does the viscerocranium form?

A

The cartilaginous skeleton of the jaws and pharyngeal arches.

56
Q

What does the mandibular arch include?

A

Palatoquadrate and Meckel’s cartilage.

57
Q

What does the hyoid arch represent?

A

The second arch.

58
Q

What elements does the dermatocranium comprise?

A

Elements surrounding the oral cavity including the palatal and cranial vault structures.

59
Q

What is the role of neural crest cells in the development of the dermal bones of the head and neck?

A

Neural crest cells have become increasingly significant in vertebrates due to rising complexity and they develop to form the face and neck structure.

60
Q

What are the key features of the early evolution of facial structures?

A

Early in evolution, anterior brachial arches were replaced by dermal bones to form upper and lower jaws, and the malleus and incus (ear bones).

61
Q

How do the pharyngeal arches form?

A

Pharyngeal arches are initiated by endoderm during neural tube closure. The endoderm in the pharyngeal section of the foregut creates invaginations, which separate the mesoderms into segments. These segments differentiate and form cartilaginous arches within each pouch.

62
Q

What signals mesenchymal cells to differentiate during the formation of pharyngeal arches?

A

The resulting separation signals mesenchymal cells to differentiate and form cartilaginous arches within each pouch.

63
Q

What is the role of Hox genes in head tissue development?

A

Hox genes control the development of pharyngeal pouches, arches, brain segments, cranial nerves, and muscles. They are active in the rhombencephalon and induce specific morphogenic events in each rhombomere.

64
Q

What potential issues can arise during head tissue development?

A

Abnormalities may arise due to issues in the developmental processes controlled by Hox genes.

65
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch lead to in jaw structure formation?

A

The development of maxillary and mandibular processes, forming the upper jaw (from maxillary process) and lower jaw (from mandibular process).

66
Q

What does the frontonasal process contribute to in upper facial features?

A

The formation of nostrils and the philtrum (groove between the nose and upper lip).

67
Q

What can disruptions in the fusion of facial structures lead to?

A

Cleft lip and cleft palate when the frontonasal and maxillary processes fail to merge properly.

68
Q

How is the palate divided?

A

Into primary and secondary sections, separated by the incisive foramen.

69
Q

When does the secondary palate begin to fuse?

A

Around the 8th week of gestation.

70
Q

What can result from disruptions in the fusion of the palate?

A

Cleft palate.

71
Q

What is a fistula?

A

An abnormal congenital or acquired tunnel connecting an organ or cavity to another cavity or the exterior.

72
Q

Give examples of fistulas.

A

Neck, umbilical, and tracheo-esophageal fistulas.

73
Q

What is a sinus?

A

A sac or cavity within an organ, often resulting from birth defects, trauma, or inflammation.

74
Q

How do pharyngeal sinuses differ from pharyngeal fistulas?

A

Pharyngeal sinuses may be closed, while pharyngeal fistulas have an external opening.

75
Q

What does the lack of fusion of the facial skull lead to?

A

Cleft lip, cleft palate, and abnormal jaws.

76
Q

What are branchial cleft cysts?

A

Congenital epithelial cysts.

77
Q

Where are branchial cleft cysts typically present?

A

On the lateral part of the neck.

78
Q

How do branchial cleft cysts usually present in terms of symptoms?

A

As a painless, fluctuant mass in the anterior triangle, often behind the SCM muscle.

79
Q

Where can a sinus or fistula from a branchial cyst be located?

A

On the anterior border of the SCM at the junction of the middle and lower sections.

Biology (10 decks)

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