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AS Biology > 6.8 Exchange of gases in the lungs > Flashcards

6.8 Exchange of gases in the lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 4 types of lung disease you are expected to know.

A

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
Fibrosis
Asthma
Emphysema

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2
Q

How does Tuberculosis (TB) affect the respiratory system?

A

Immune system builds a wall around bacteria
Hard lumps called tubercules form
Surface area of lungs reduced
Infected tissue containing tubercules dies

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3
Q

What effect does TB have on the breathing of the patient?

A

Gaseous exchange surface is damaged.
Tidal volume is decreased.
Less air can therefore be inhaled with each breath.
Patients have to breathe faster in order to take up enough oxygen, this creates a faster ventilation rate.

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)?

A 
Increased ventilation rate
Shortness of breath
Chest Pain
Reduced tidal volume
Persistent Cough
Coughing up blood and mucus
Fatigue and weakness
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5
Q

What causes Tuberculosis (TB)?

A

Tuberculosis Bacteria

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6
Q

How does Fibrosis affect the respiratory system?

A

Large amount of scar tissue formed
Scar tissue reduces expansion of lungs
Surface area of lungs reduced

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Fibrosis?

A 
Shortness of breath
Chest Pain
Fatigue and weakness
Dry cough
Reduced tidal volume
Reduced FVC
Faster ventilation rate than normal.
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8
Q

Why does fibrosis have an effect on the function of the lungs?

A

A large amount of scar tissue is formed. This tissue is thicker and less elastic compared to regular lung tissue.
This means the lungs are able to expand at a lesser volume, therefore the patient can not take in as much air as normal.

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9
Q

What are the two most likely causes of fibrosis?

A

Exposure to substances such as asbestos

Infection

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10
Q

How does Fibrosis affect the volume of air the patient can take in?

A

Tidal volume is reduced
FVC is reduced
Reduction in rate of gaseous exchange.
Faster ventilation rate to allow patients to take in enough air into their lungs in order to oxygenate blood.

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11
Q

Why does fibrosis cause a reduction in the rate of gaseous exchange?

A

Diffusion is slower across a thicker scarred membrane due to a greater diffusion pathway.

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of Asthma?

A

Allergic reaction to substances such as pollen and dust

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Tight chest
Wheezing
Shortness of breath

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14
Q

What happens during an asthma attack?

A

Airways constrict as they become inflamed and irritated
Less oxygen reaches alveoli
Smooth muscle lining of bronchioles contracts
Large amount of mucus produced
Constricting the airways further as it becomes more difficult to breathe

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15
Q

How does asthma affect the respiratory system?

A

Due to constriction of airways, air flow in and out of the lungs is severely reduced.
Less oxygen enters the alveoli and into the bloodstream.
Reduced air flow means that FEV is severely reduced

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16
Q

How can the symptoms of asthma be relieved?

A

Use of drugs which cause the muscles in the bronchioles to relax and in turn open up the airways.

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17
Q

How does Emphysema affect the respiratory system?

A

Foreign particles become trapped in the alveoli
Inflammation of airways
Increased number of phagocytes in area
Phagocytes produce enzyme that breaks down elastin in alveoli
Alveoli lose shape due to less elastin and can’t recoil
Surface area of alveoli reduced due to destruction of the alveoli walls.

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of Emphysema?

A

Increased ventilation rate
Shortness of breath
Wheezing

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19
Q

What are the two most likely causes of emphysema?

A

Smoking

Long-term exposure to air pollution

20
Q

Why does the break down of elastin in the alveoli during emphysema have such a detrimental effect on the function of the lungs?

A

Elastin is a protein found in the walls of the alveoli, elastin is elastic and helps the alveoli return to their normal shape after inhaling and exhaling.
loss of elastin means the alveoli can’t recoil to expel air as well, some will also remain trapped in the alveoli.

21
Q

What effect does emphysema have on the rate of gaseous exchange and breathing within the patient?

A

Gaseous exchange reduced.

Increased ventilation rate as patients try to increase the amount of o2 containing air reaching the lungs.

22
Q

Why are sufferers of TB, fibrosis, asthma and emphysema all likely to feel weak on a day to day basis?

A

All conditions reduce the rate of gaseous exchange in the alveoli. Less oxygen is able to diffuse into the bloodstream, the body therefore receives less oxygen and the rate of aerobic respiration is reduced.
This means that less energy is released and sufferers feel tired and weak.

23
Q

How does lung disease affect the lungs?

A

effects both ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs.

Basically effects how well the lungs function.

24
Q

tidal volume?

A

The volume of air in each breath.

25
Q

What is the average tidal volume in healthy adults?

A

0.4dm cubed and 0.5dm cubed.

Anywhere in this range.

26
Q

Ventilation rate?

A

The number of breaths per minute.

27
Q

What is the average ventilation rate for healthy adults?

A

15 breaths

28
Q

What does FEV stand for?

A

Forced expiratory volume

29
Q

Forced expiratory volume?

A

The max volume of air that can be breathed out in one second

30
Q

What does FVC stand for?

A

Forced vital capacity

31
Q

Forced vital capacity?

A

The max volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a deep breath in.

32
Q

What tool can be used to calculate tidal volume, ventilation rate, FEV and FVC?

A

A spirometer.

33
Q

How does an increase in volume effect surface area:volume ratio?

A

larger volume means smaller SA:Vol ratio

34
Q

Name the process by which prokaryotes exchange gases?

A

Diffusion, due to a small diffusion pathway

35
Q

why is the diffusion of of gases between the alveoli and the blood rapid?

A

red blood cells are slowed as they pass through pulmonary capillaries, allowing more time for diffusion
the distance between the alveolar air and red blood cells is reduced as the red blood cells are flattened against the capillary walls
the walls of both alveoli and capillaries are very thin and therefore the distance over which diffusion takes place is very short
alveoli and pulmonary capillaries have a very large total surface area
breathing movements constantly ventilate the lungs, and the action of the heart constantly circulates blood around the alveoli. Together, these ensure that a steep concentration gradient of the gases to be exchanged is maintained
blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries maintains a concentration gradient

36
Q

when does a correlation occur?

A

occurs when a change in one of two variables is reflected by a change in the other variable

37
Q

what is it important to remember when looking at correlation.

A

correlation does not mean…
causation
that there is a causal link

38
Q

name three components of the lungs involved in gas exchange?

A

trachea, bronchioles, alveoli

39
Q

Over which membranes in the lungs do gases have to pass?

A

alveolar epithelium, capillary epithelium

40
Q

what features do the surface over which gasses pass in the lungs have to enable efficient gas exchange?

A

thin

flattened cells, so short diffusion pathway

41
Q

name the method of interaction between internal and external intercostal muscles?

A

antagonistic

42
Q

what builds up in the lungs as a result of cystic fibrosis?

A

mucous

43
Q

what elements of lung function are affected when suffering from CF?

A

larger diffusion pathway

44
Q

How do sufferers of fibrosis adjust to compensate for their affected larger diffusion pathway?

A

increased ventilation pathway

45
Q

what forms in the lungs of TB sufferers?

A

scar tissue

46
Q

what disease does TB eventually lead to?

A

cystic fibrosis

47
Q

how does reducing the quantity of oxygen available affect the cells in the body?

A

reduces the rate of respiration

AS Biology (66 decks)

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