6.7: Ultradian rhythms Flashcards
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks)
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
What have psychologists identified?
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
What is each of the sleep stages characterised by?
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
Example
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
What has research also found?
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming.
Example
For example, Dement and Kleitman (1957) studied 9 adults using an EEG in a sleep lab and there was a high correlation between reported dreams and REM sleep.
If awakened in the other stages, very few reported dreaming
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming.
For example, Dement and Kleitman (1957) studied 9 adults using an EEG in a sleep lab and there was a high correlation between reported dreams and REM sleep.
If awakened in the other stages, very few reported dreaming.
Much evidence from EEG recordings suggests the existence of the 90 minute cycle during sleep
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming.
For example, Dement and Kleitman (1957) studied 9 adults using an EEG in a sleep lab and there was a high correlation between reported dreams and REM sleep.
If awakened in the other stages, very few reported dreaming.
Much evidence from EEG recordings suggests the existence of the 90 minute cycle during sleep.
Kleitman (1969) also suggested that a similar 90 minute rhythm cycle continues during waking hours, the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC), which is characterised by a period of alertness followed by a spell of physiological fatigue
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming.
For example, Dement and Kleitman (1957) studied 9 adults using an EEG in a sleep lab and there was a high correlation between reported dreams and REM sleep.
If awakened in the other stages, very few reported dreaming.
Much evidence from EEG recordings suggests the existence of the 90 minute cycle during sleep.
Kleitman (1969) also suggested that a similar 90 minute rhythm cycle continues during waking hours, the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC), which is characterised by a period of alertness followed by a spell of physiological fatigue.
In a widely cited study of prodigious violinists, Ericsson et al. (1993) found that the best performers tended to practise for three sessions during the course of the day. Each session lasted no more than 90 minutes and there was a break between each in order to ‘recharge,’ showing that 90 minute training sessions were the most effective
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming.
For example, Dement and Kleitman (1957) studied 9 adults using an EEG in a sleep lab and there was a high correlation between reported dreams and REM sleep.
If awakened in the other stages, very few reported dreaming.
Much evidence from EEG recordings suggests the existence of the 90 minute cycle during sleep.
Kleitman (1969) also suggested that a similar 90 minute rhythm cycle continues during waking hours, the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC), which is characterised by a period of alertness followed by a spell of physiological fatigue.
In a widely cited study of prodigious violinists, Ericsson et al. (1993) found that the best performers tended to practise for three sessions during the course of the day. Each session lasted no more than 90 minutes and there was a break between each in order to ‘recharge,’ showing that 90 minute training sessions were the most effective.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Although Dement and Kleitman’s (1957) research was controlled, as the researchers controlled for many variables such as the effects of caffeine and alcohol, the small sample size of 9 has been criticised, as it therefore means that the results may not be generalisable to all
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming.
For example, Dement and Kleitman (1957) studied 9 adults using an EEG in a sleep lab and there was a high correlation between reported dreams and REM sleep.
If awakened in the other stages, very few reported dreaming.
Much evidence from EEG recordings suggests the existence of the 90 minute cycle during sleep.
Kleitman (1969) also suggested that a similar 90 minute rhythm cycle continues during waking hours, the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC), which is characterised by a period of alertness followed by a spell of physiological fatigue.
In a widely cited study of prodigious violinists, Ericsson et al. (1993) found that the best performers tended to practise for three sessions during the course of the day. Each session lasted no more than 90 minutes and there was a break between each in order to ‘recharge,’ showing that 90 minute training sessions were the most effective.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Although Dement and Kleitman’s (1957) research was controlled, as the researchers controlled for many variables such as the effects of caffeine and alcohol, the small sample size of 9 has been criticised, as it therefore means that the results may not be generalisable to all.
In addition,
In addition, such laboratory experiments where sleep stages are measured with electrodes lack ecological validity, because the artficial setting mean that it is not representative of true sleeping environments and therefore the quality and quantity of sleep may be affected, skewing results
Discuss research into ultradian rhythms (8 marks).
One of the most intensively researched ultradian rhythms is the stages of sleep, the sleep cycle.
Psychologists have identified 5 distinct stages of sleep that altogether span approximately 90 minutes – a cycle that continues throughout the course of the night.
Each of the sleep stages is characterised by a different level of brainwave activity that can be monitored using an EEG.
For example, stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle involve delta waves.
Research has also found that stages 1 and 2 of the sleep cycle are light sleep where the person may be easily woken and stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep, where it is difficult to wake someone.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle is REM sleep, where the body is paralysed, yet brain activity speeds up significantly in a manner that resembles the awake brain.
REM stands for rapid eye movement to denote the fast, jerky activity of the eyes under the eyelids at this point.
Research has suggested that REM activity during sleep is correlated with the experience of dreaming.
For example, Dement and Kleitman (1957) studied 9 adults using an EEG in a sleep lab and there was a high correlation between reported dreams and REM sleep.
If awakened in the other stages, very few reported dreaming.
Much evidence from EEG recordings suggests the existence of the 90 minute cycle during sleep.
Kleitman (1969) also suggested that a similar 90 minute rhythm cycle continues during waking hours, the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC), which is characterised by a period of alertness followed by a spell of physiological fatigue.
In a widely cited study of prodigious violinists, Ericsson et al. (1993) found that the best performers tended to practise for three sessions during the course of the day. Each session lasted no more than 90 minutes and there was a break between each in order to ‘recharge,’ showing that 90 minute training sessions were the most effective.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that Although Dement and Kleitman’s (1957) research was controlled, as the researchers controlled for many variables such as the effects of caffeine and alcohol, the small sample size of 9 has been criticised, as it therefore means that the results may not be generalisable to all.
In addition, such laboratory experiments where sleep stages are measured with electrodes lack ecological validity, because the artficial setting mean that it is not representative of true sleeping environments and therefore the quality and quantity of sleep may be affected, skewing results.
Due to this,
Due to this, as well as the risk of demand characteristics as participants were aware of being observed, Dement and Kleitman’s findings lack external validity and application to the wider application
