6.4 Cloning & Biotechnology Flashcards
Whats a clone?
genetically identical organisms or cells
What is vegetative propagation?
reproduction using the vegetative parts of the plant, a natural form of reproductive cloning
Explain the process of Vegetative propagation
Part of a plant is separated, then develops into a new plant genetically identical to the original.
When/where does Animal cloning occurs naturally
when identical twins are formed due to a zygote divides normally then the daughter cells become two separate cells
or if the animal reproduces asexually
Advantages of Natural cloning?
- If conditions are good for the parent then thetll be good for the offspring too
- Cloning is relatively rapid so population increases
- Reproduction can occur with only 1 parent
Disadvantages of Natural cloning
- No genetic diversity except from mutations
- little variation in population
- whole population susceptible to less advantageous environment change
How can we produce artificial clones of plants?
- Tissue culture
* Micropropagation
What’s Tissue culturing
growing new tissues, organs or whole plants from cuttings of certain plant sample
How should a plant cutting be taken for cloning?
Stem is cut between the leaf and nodes. Replanted and allowed to grow, sometimes with the use of plant hormones.
Summarise the Micropropagation process
- suitable plant material is cut into piece(Explants)
- explants sterilised to kill any microorganism
- explants placed on sterile growth medium with sufficient nutrients and plant hormones
- callus (mass off undifferentiated cells) form and is divided into small clumps
- clumps stimulated to grow& differentiate into different plant tissue after moving to different growth mediums
- once tiny plantlets formed they can be transferred to soil in greenhouse and acclimatize to normal growing conditions
State some advantages of artificial plant cloning
- Cloning is relatively rapid so population increases
- Reproduction can occur with only 1 parent
- plants genetically identical so will also have desirable traits
- if meristem used as explant ensures new plants virus free
State some disadvantages of artificial plant cloning
- tissue culture labour intensive
- Aseptic conditions or contamination
- no genetic variation except mutations
How can we produce artificial clones of animals?
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer; differentiated cell from parent fused with an enucleated egg cell. The cell develops into an embryo and can be implanted into a womb.
- Embryo splitting; embryo split into 2 genetically identical embryos
Give arguments for cloning in animals.
- Quick process suited to the growing population of Earth.
- Can preserve endangered species.
- used for medical/drug related testing instead of humans or animals
- produce identical copies of high value individuals with desirable traits
Give arguments against cloning in animals.
- Cloned animals often suffer from health problems.
- Low genetic diversity/ variation in species
- ethical issues regarding embryos and the ‘Creation of life just to destroy it’
Summarise the Embryo splitting process
- zygote is created by IVF
- zygote divides and forms small ball of cells
- cells are separated and allowed to continue dividing
- each small mass of cells placed in surrogate mothers uterus where it’ll develop into clone of OG
Summarise the Somatic cell nuclear transfer process
- egg is obtained and enucleated (nucleus removed)
- somatic cells from the adult is isolated and enucleated
- the nucleus of the adults somatic cell is fused with the enucleated egg cell by electric shocking it
- shock triggers egg to start devoloping into zygote
- forms a small ball of cells ( young embryo)
- young embryo placed in a surrogate mother
What is Enucleation?
the process of removing a nucleus from a cell
What is Biotechnology?
the us of living or parts of a living organism in industrial processes
Why are Microorganisms suited for use in Biotechnological processes?
- Rapid growth in a variety of environmental conditions.
- Can be genetically engineered.
- Reduces use of chemicals, beneficial to the environment.
- thy can be fed waste/by-products from other food industries(recycling n stuff)
Give some ways microorganisms are used in Biotechnological processes.
- Food; baking, brewing, yogurt, cheese,fake-meat
- Medicine; penicillin, insulin
- Environmental; removing pollution (bioremediation)
Give advantages of using microorganisms to produce food for human consumption.
- Not dependent on climate/ season
- Long-lasting
- Uses waste products
- No animal welfare issues
Give disadvantages of using microorganisms to produce food for human consumption.
- doesn’t have the same taste/texture to natural
- Proteins must be isolated and purified.
- Contains different amino acids to animal proteins.
- concerns regarding eating food that grew ON or were fed off waste
Describe the technique that should be used to culture microorganisms.
Aseptic technique; everything must be kept completely sterile so that no unwanted microorganisms are present in the culture.
Summarise the three steps of growing microorganisms.
- Sterilisation; part of the aseptic technique.
- Inoculation; microorganism introduced to agar plate by streaking, seeding, or spreading.
- Incubation; placed in warm environment for 24-48 hours to grow.
Differentiate between Batch and Continuous fermentation.
- Batch= closed environment, competition for resources, maintains culture in stationary phase, easy to set up, less efficient.
- Continuous= products continually removed, maintains culture in log phase, difficult to set up, more efficient.
How are the growth conditions manipulated to maximise yield?
- Temperature maintained at optimum.
- Sufficient nutrient supply.
- Aerobic conditions to prevent products of anaerobic respiration.
- pH kept constant to maximise enzyme activity.
Describe the growth curve of a Microorganism in a closed culture.
- Lag= cells increase in size and take in water. Population constant.
- Log= cells divide. Population increases exponentially.
- Stationary= nutrient levels decrease, slowing growth rate. Population stabilizes.
- Death= toxic metabolites increase to a point that kills cells. Population declines.
What is an Immobilised enzyme?
An enzyme attached to an inert material in order to restrict its movement and hold it in place during a reaction so that it can be reused.
Give methods of Immobilising enzymes.
- Bonding= enzyme binds with support ionically (adsorption) or covalently.
- Entrapment= enzyme placed in a semi-permeable material that allows diffusion of the substrate and product.
- Membrane separation= a partially permeable membrane separates enzyme from substrate
Give uses of Immobilised enzymes.
- Glucose to fructose conversion.
- Lactose to glucose/galactose conversion.
- Dextrins to glucose conversion.
- Semi-synthetic penicillin production.
- Pure samples of amino acids.
Evaluate the use of Immobilised enzymes.
+ Product is not contaminated by enzyme, so does not need to be purified.
+ Enzymes can be reused.
+ Enzymes are protected from harsh environment.
- Expensive.
- Reaction rate is slower as enzymes cannot move
what is the bacteria that converts lactose to lactic acid
Lactobaccilus
how is yoghurt made
milk treated with bacteria like lactobacciuls
lactose to lactic acid causinh PH drop
Ph denatures milk proteing causing coagulation
how is Cheese made
pre treated with lactobaccillus
acidified milk mixed with Rennet
Rennin in renett causes milk protein ‘casein’ to coagulate
making curds that become cheese
when are primary metabolites made
synthesised when microoorganism metabolise normally
when are secondary metabolites made
synthesid when microoorganism metabolise under stresfull conditions
what culture type used to harvest primary metabloites
Continuous, ensures condiitions never harsh enough to produce secondary
what culture type used to harvest secondary metabloites
batch, ensures conditions harsh enough to produce secondary
step by step fro vegatative propagation (cuttings)
- take cuttings of stem between leaf & node
- dip cutting in rooting powder and nececasary hormomes
- place in suitable growth medium
- grow in proper enviroment (warm n shit) till roots form then place in soil
tissue culture vs vegatative propagation
T vs V
T: +more viable on large scale
T: -expensive,labour intensive, skill needed, contamination riskk
V: + viable on small scale + easy
