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13A/Bi1 > 5.4 Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

5.4 Hormonal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Hormone?

A

molecules(proteins or steroids) that act as messengers in the blood after being secreted from a gland

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2
Q

Define ‘Secretion’

A

production and release of a USEFUL substance by a gland or cell; also, the substance produced

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3
Q

What’s a target cell?

A

cells that possess a receptor, complementary to a peptide hormone, on their plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is Endocrine communication?

A

Specialised glands secrete hormones into bloodstream.

Circulatory system carries hormone to target cell/ tissue.

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5
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

a communication system that uses hormones as signalling molecules

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6
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands located?

A

Above the kidneys

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7
Q

Describe ‘First & second messenger’

A
  • Fist messenger: non-steroid hormone that bind to their receptor and initiate an effect inside the cell
  • Second messenger: stimulates a change in the activity of the cell
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8
Q

What is the structure of the Adrenal Glands?

A

triangle-ish
outer part=cortex
inner part =medulla

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9
Q

What are the three layers (Zones) of the Adrenal Cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa- outer
  • Zona fasciculata - middle
  • Zona retucularis - inner
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10
Q

What hormone does the Adrenal Medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline in response to danger, stress or excitement as part of the fight or flight response.

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11
Q

Which hormones does the Cortex secrete?

A
  • Outer layter, Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone: controls concentration of Na+ & K+ ions in blood.(outer layer)
  • Midddle layer, Glucocorticoids: stimulates an increase in blood glucose concentration.(middle layer)
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12
Q

What are some effects of Adrenaline?

A
  • Increase heart rate
  • Increase stroke volume
  • Dilate pupils
  • Stimulate conversion of glycogen to glucose
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13
Q

What’s the Pancreas?

A

small organ below stomach with endo and exo-crine functions

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14
Q

What are the two main Pancreatic functions?

A
  • secrete hormones from islets of Langerhans(endocrine)

* secrete pancreatic juices into small intestines(exocrine)

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15
Q

What’s the difference between Exocrine and Endocrine glands?

A
  • Exocrine secrete substances into ducts

* Endocrine secret substances directly into the bloodstream

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16
Q

Why is it important that blood glucose concentration remains stable?

A
  • Maintain constant blood water potential: prevent osmotic lysis/ crenation of cells.
  • Maintain constant concentration of respiratory substrate: organism maintains constant level of activity regardless of environmental conditions.
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17
Q

What are the two types of Hormones?

A
  • Lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones, diffuse into cell & bind to complementary receptor in cytoplasm.
  • Peptide hormones, bind to complementary receptor on cell-surface membrane
18
Q

Define Glycogenesis

A

glucose converted to glycogen

19
Q

Define Glycogenolysis

A

hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose

20
Q

Define Gluconeogenesis

A

glucose FROM amino acids & glycerol

21
Q

What is the role of Glycogen?

A

maintains blood glucose concentration by acting as a storage version of glucose

22
Q

What is Glucagon?

A

the hormone that helps control blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

23
Q

What is Insulin?

A

a hormone that helps control blood glucose levels by stimulating conversion of glucose to glycogen

24
Q

What are Alpha cells?

A

make up endocrine tissue in the pancreas, secrete Glucagon

25
Q

What are Beta cells?

A

make up endocrine tissue in the pancreas, secrete insulin

26
Q

What Homeostatic mechanism controls blood glucose level?

A

Negative feedback

27
Q

What’s the mechanism for Insulins release?

A
  1. Beta cells contain Ca & k ions channels with k+ channels open so k+, -70mv
  2. when glucose conc high glucose rushes in
  3. glucose makes ATP, causes K+ channels to close
  4. K+ no longer leaves cell, charge increases
  5. potential difference change makes Ca+ channels to open
  6. Ca enters cell and causes insulin secretion
28
Q

Outline the role of Insulin when blood glucose concentration increases

A
  1. β cells in Islets of Langerhans in pancreas detect decrease & secrete Insulin into bloodstream.
  2. Insulin binds to surface receptors on liver & muscle cells activating glycogenesis.
  3. Glucose eters cells, stuff happens
  4. β cells detect that blood glucose concentration has returned to optimum & stop producing Insulin (negative feedback).
29
Q

Outline the role of Glucagon when blood glucose concentration decreases

A
  1. 𝞪 cells in Islets of Langerhans in pancreas detect decrease & secrete glucagon into bloodstream.
  2. Glucagon binds to surface receptors on liver cells activating glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis.
  3. Glucose diffuses from liver into bloodstream.
  4. 𝛼 cells detect that blood glucose concentration has returned to optimum & stop producing glucagon. (negative feedback)
30
Q

Use the secondary messenger model to explain how Glucagon works

A
  1. Hormone-receptor complex forms.
  2. Conformational change to receptor activates G-protein.
  3. Activates adenyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP).
  4. cAMP activates protein kinase A pathway.
  5. Results in glycogenolysis.
31
Q

What are some of the effects of Insulin?

A
  • Glucose in cells converted to glycogen
  • More glucose enters cells (increases cell permeability to glucose)
  • More glucose used in respiration
  • Inhibits glycogenolysis
32
Q

Define & Explain the causes of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus

A

Body cannot produce insulin due to autoimmune response which attacks 𝛽 cells of Islets of Langerhans

33
Q

How can type 1 Diabetes be controlled?

A

• Injecting insulin
• Islet transplant
• Pancreas transplant
*maybe stem cells in future

34
Q

Define Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

A

Body doesn’t produce enough insulin various causes including

35
Q

What are some risk factors for type 2 Diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Poor diet (sugar rich)
  • Lack or exercise/ sedentary lifestyle
  • Obesity
  • Ethnic origin (Black& Asian)
36
Q

How can type 2 Diabetes be controlled?

A

can be treated by lifestyle changes like
• Regular exercise
• Carefully monitor diet
• insulin injections

37
Q

What is the main source of Insulin, why is it different from say years ago?

A

used to be pigs but now genetically modified bacteria

38
Q

What are the advantages to using Bacteria Insulin?

A
  • cheaper and more efficient to produce
  • Exact copy of human insulin so fast & effective
  • Less chance of immune rejection
  • less likely to raise ethical concerns
39
Q

what are Acini

A

groups of acinus cells that group together to form tubules that form the pancreatic duct

40
Q

what is the role of ducts

A

how Fluids are transported in the EXOcrine system, they move through theses instead of the blood

41
Q

what is hypoglyceamia

A

Low levels of blood glucose, cells

42
Q

what is hyperglyceamia, what would

A

High levels of blood glucose, cells lose water

13A/Bi1 (13 decks)

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