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13A/Bi1 > 5.7 Respiration > Flashcards

5.7 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is Respiration?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction which occurs in all living cells, releasing energy from glucose

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2
Q

Why do organisms need to Respire?

A 
Provides energy for 
•DNA replication & cell division
• Active transport 
• Movement
• Metabolic reactions e.g. to form peptide bonds in protein synthesis.
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3
Q

What is Atp and its role?

A

Adenosine(adenine + ribose) Triphosphate that functions as an immediate energy source for reaction by hydrolysing and losing a phosphate group

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4
Q

What is the chain reactions involved to Completely hydrolyse 1 ATP?

A

30.5kJ 30.5kJ 13.8kJ
↑ ↑ ↑
ATP + H2O → ADP + H2O → AMP
↓ ↓ ↓
Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate

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5
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

ATP synthase catalyses the formation of ATP from ADP and the Inorganic Phosphate

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6
Q

What are some features of atp that make it suited to its job?

A
  • relatively stable in solutions
  • despite this is readily hydrolysed by enzymes
  • Universal as appears in all living cells
  • easily transported whilst in solution
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7
Q

Name the 4 main stages in aerobic respiration and where they occur?

A
  1. Glycolysis: cytoplasm.
  2. Link reaction: mitochondrial matrix.
  3. Krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix.
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation via electron transfer chain: membrane of cristae.
    * 2,3,4 only happen with air(aerobic conditions)
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8
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

the first step in Respiration that turns glucose into 2 pyruvates

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9
Q

Outline the steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphorylation of glucose to Hexose bisphosphate
  2. Hexose Bisphosphate split into Triose phosphate
  3. Triose phosphate oxidized to Pyruvate using NAD
    * PRODUCTS per glucose: 2NADH & 2ATP per glucose
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10
Q

What is NAD?

A

a coenzyme that helps catalyses redox reactions by carrying protons or electrons

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11
Q

How are NAD different from NADP?

A

NAD for respiration

NADP for photosynthesis

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12
Q

What happens after pyruvate is formed?

with Oxygen present

A

enters mitochondrial matrix through active transport to enter link reaction

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13
Q

What happens after pyruvate is formed?

Anaerobic respiration

A

converted in cytoplasm to lactate(animals) or ethanol(yeast), NADH reoxidsed to continue glycolysis and

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14
Q

What happens during the Link reaction?

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
pyruvate + NAD + CoA →
Acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO2

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15
Q

Steps of Link reaction?

A

1.Pyruvate oxidized to acetate + CO2
NAD reduced during process
2.Acetate combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form Acetylcoenzyme A

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16
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle?

A

happen in the mitochondrial matrix where many enzyme catalysed reactions occur to makes products like the H+, NADH &FADH2 used for oxidative phosphorylation

17
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

Per 1 Acetyl-CoA

A 
• 1ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
• 2 CO2 from decarboxylation
• FADH2 & 3(NADH & H+)
 (used in oxidative phosphorylation)
* 1 Coenzyme a
18
Q

Steps of Krebs cycle?

A
  1. acetyl Coenzyme A from link reaction releases acetyl group
  2. Acetyl group + OXALOACETATE → Citrate(6C compound)
  3. 6C compound oxidised to form a 5C compound & CO2, H reduces NAD
  4. 5C oxidised forms 4C compound & CO2, H reduces NAD , ATP formed
  5. 4C compounds, via dehydrogenation reduces FAD and NAD
  6. 4C regenerates Oxaloacetate
19
Q

What is the Electron Transfer Chain (ETC)?

A

Series of carrier proteins embedded in membrane of the cristae of mitochondria.

20
Q

What happens in the Electron Transfer Chain (ETC)?

A
  • Electrons released from reduced NAD & FAD undergo successive redox reactions.
  • The energy released is coupled to maintaining proton gradient or released as heat.
  • Oxygen acts as final electron acceptor
21
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP using energy from the electron transfer chain, in the presence of oxygen (aerobic)

22
Q

What are the final steps of Aerobic respiration?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
  1. NADH &FADH2 reoxidise and release the H+ ions(protons)
  2. Some energy released from the ETC is used to actively transport H+ ions (protons) from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space.
  3. H+ ions move down concentration gradient back into mitochondrial matrix via channel protein ATP synthase.
  4. ATP synthase catalyses ADP + Pi → ATP
23
Q

What is Chemiosmosis, how is it relevant to ATP production?

A

The flow of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane. When occurs through the protein channels associated with ATP synthase, they cause a conformational change that allows ADP and P to combine

24
Q

Name the stages in respiration that produce ATP by substrate-level Phosphorylation.

A
  • glycolysis

* Krebs cycle (aerobic/ requires oxygen)

25
Q

What happens during Anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

only glycolysis continues, much less ATP produced
reduced NAD + pyruvate
→lactate + NAD (for further glycolysis)

26
Q

What happens during Anaerobic respiration yeast and some plant cells?

A

Only glycolysis continues, much less ATP produced

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form ethanal. Ethanal dehydrodgenated to ethanol oxidising NADH

27
Q

What are the benefits of being able to respire Anaerobically?

A
  • ATP production for vital metabolic processes continues despite lack of oxygen
  • Production of ethanol/ lactate converts reduced NAD back into NAD so glycolysis can continue = maximum yield of ATP in the conditions
28
Q

What is Respiratory quotient ?

A

CO2 produced/ O2 used
Can be used to determine:
• Respiratory substrate being used
• type of respirato goin on(anaerobic values are larger)

29
Q

Name molecules that can be used as alternative Respiratory substrates

A
  • (amino acids from) proteins
  • (glycerol and fatty acids from) lipids
  • disaccharides converted to monosaccharides changed to glucose
30
Q

Why do different Respiratory substrates have different relative energy values?

A

Depends on the number of hydrogens in the structure which are oxidised to water
e.g. more hydrogens in a fatty acids than carbohydrate.

31
Q

What a Respirometer?

A

apparatus used to measure the rate of respiration by measuring the rate of exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide

32
Q

Suggest how a student could investigate the effect of a named variable on the rate of respiration of a single celled organism

A
  1. Use respirometer (pressure changes in boiling tube cause a drop of coloured liquid to move
  2. Use a dye as the terminal electron acceptor for the ETC
33
Q

What is the purpose of Sodium Hydroxide solution (Soda lime) in a Respirometer?

A

Absorbs CO2 so that there is a net decrease in pressure as O2 is consumed

34
Q

How could a student calculate the rate of Respiration using a Respirometer?

A

(Volume of O2 produced or CO2 consumed/ time)
x mass of sample.
Volume = distance moved by coloured drop x (0.5 x capillary tube diameter)2 x π

35
Q

Describe the structure of a Mitochondrion

A

surrounded by double membrane.(inner, outer, inter)
folded inner membrane forms cristae: site of electron transport chain.
fluid matrix: contains mitochondrial DNA, respiratory enzymes, lipids, proteins, ribosomes

36
Q

What are the RQ values for

Carbohydrates,lipids & Amino acids

A
  • Carbohydrates = 1
  • Amino acids = 0.8
  • Lipids = 0.7
37
Q

what are the steps of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose Phosporlyated by 2 Atp
  2. Hexose Biphospate split into 2 Triose phosphate
    3.Triose phosphate oxidised to Pyruvate
    3* oxidation of 1 TP reduces 1NAD & forms 2 ATP
38
Q

what could be the rection eqautionS for glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2 ATP → Hexose biphosphate + 2ADP
Hexose biphosphate → 2 Triose phosphate (TP)
2 TP+ 4(ADP+i) 2NAD → Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH

13A/Bi1 (13 decks)

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