6.4 Cloning and Biotechnology Flashcards
What is cloning?
Process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from the cells of an existing organism.
What is vegetative propagation?
Where plants produce clones from non productive tissues
What are the different types of vegetative propagation?
Rhizomes, Stolons, Suckers, Tubers, Bulbs.
How do rhizomes work? What plant example uses them?
Stems that grow away from parent plant UNDERGROUND and have nodes which new shoots and roots can develop from.
Bamboo.
How do stolons work? What plant uses them?
Also known as runners same as rhizomes but ABOVE GROUND on the surface of the soil. New roots and shoots grow from nodes or at the end of the stolon.
Strawberry plant.
How do suckers work? What plant uses them?
shoots that grow from sucker buds present on the shallow roots for parent plant.
Elm trees.
How do tubers work? What plant uses them?
The large underground plant structures that act as a food store for the plant. they’re covered in eyes and each eyes able to sprout and form a new plant.
Potatoes.
how do bulbs work? What plants uses them?
They are underground. Food stores used by some plants. New bulbs are able to develop from the original bulb and form new individual plants.
Onions.
How do farmers use vegetative propagation?
- Take cuttings
- Use grafting
- Use layering
How do you produces clones from cuttings?
Take a cutting and remove the leavers from the lower parts of the stem and dip the end in rooting powder.
The plant the cutting in a pot.
How does tissue culture work?
It’s an artificial way of clothing plants.
cells are taken from the original plant and placed on a culture that contains glucose and amino acids and high concentration of plant hormones.
Once the cells have divided and grown into a small plant, they’re taken out of the medium and put in the soil.
What are the uses of tissue culture?
Used to clone plants that don’t readily reproduce or are endangered or rare.
What are the arguments for artificial plant cloning?
- desirable genetic characteristics are always passed on to clones.
- Allows plants to reproduce in any season because the environment is controlled.
- Less space is required.
- Produces lots of plants quickly.
what are the arguments against artificial plant cloning?
- Undesirable genetic characteristics are always passed onto clones.
- genetic variation so a single disease could kill them all.
- Production costs high.
How can animals be cloned naturally ?
By sexual reproduction.
Makes identical twins.
What are the two methods of artificial animal cloning?
- Artificial embryo twinning
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer
What is artificial embryo twinning?
A type of artificial cloning that is similar to what happens when animals clone naturally.
How does artificial embryo twinning work?
- Egg cell is extracted from female , fertilised and put into a petri dish.
- The fertilised egg is left to divide at at least once.
- the individual cells from the embryo are then separated and then one embryonic cell is placed in a petri dish (normally 4 dishes with 1 cell each)
4.Each individual cell in the individual petri dishes then divide and develop normally into an embryo.
- The embryos are then implanted into the female cows that act as surrogates.
- The emperors continued to develop inside the surrogate cows and eventually the offspring are born the genetically identical to each other.
How does somatic cell nuclear transfer work? use example of sheep.
- A somatic cell is taken from sheep A and nucleus is extracted.
- An oocyte is taken from sheep B and the nucleus is removed to form an enucleated occyte
- The nucleus from sheep A is inserted into the enucleated occyte and the occyte from sheep B now contains the genetic info from sheep A
- The nucleus and the enucleated occyte a fuse together and stimulated to divide this produces an embryo.
- Is then implanted into a surrogate mother and eventually is born that is a clone of sheep A.
what are the uses for animal cloning?
- Scientist use cloned animals for research purposes.
- Used in agriculture to increase the number of animals with the desirable characteristics..
- Save endangered animals from extinction.
What’s the arguments for animal cloning?
• the desirable genetic characteristics are always passed onto the clones
• infertile animals can reproduce e.g. a farmers winning prize cow
• animals can be cloned at any time
• increases the population of endangered species
what are the arguments against animal cloning?
• it’s difficult, time-consuming and expensive
• genetic variability in the cloned populations.
• clones don’t live as long as natural offspring
What is biotechnology?
The industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs and other products.
what type of living organisms are mostly used in biotechnology?
Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi
Why are bacteria and fungi used in Bitotechnology
- Because their ideal growth conditions can easily be created.
- They can grow rapidly under the right conditions due to their shortlife cycle and so products can be made quickly.
- They can be grown at any time of the year.
What is an example of how enzymes can be used in biotechnology?
The enzyme lactase can be extracted from fungi and used to produce lactose free products.
how are microorganisms used in brewing?
To make beer yeast is added to a type of grain and other ingredients. The yeast respires anaerobically using glucose from the grain and produces ethanol and CO2. ethanol is the alcohol.
how are microorganisms used in baking?
Yeast is used to make bread rise. the fermentation of sugars causes CO2 to be produced and makes sure the dough doesn’t stay flat.
How microorganisms used in insulin production?
genetically modified bacteria have the human gene for insulin production inserted into the DNA. these bacteria are then grown and industrial fermenter on a massive scale and the insulin produced is collected and purified.
