6.4-6.8

Question 1

social orientation understanding

Question 2

locomotion

Answer 2

the infants develop the ability to walk/crawl and run and these seld-produced locomotion skills allow the infant to independently initiate social interchanges on a more frequent basis

Question 3

social referencing

Answer 3

“reading” emotional cues in others to help
determine how to act in a particular situation

Question 4

attachment -Freud/Harlow/Erikson-

Answer 4

is a close emotional bond between two people.
-Freud: infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction
-Harlow: contact comfort is preferred over food.
-Erikson: trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care

Question 5

bowlby’s four stages of attachment

Answer 5

Phase 1: From birth to 2 months: infants direct their attachment to human figures.

Phase 2: From 2 to 7 months: attachment becomes focused on one figure (primary caregiver).

Phase 3: From 7 to 27 months: specific attachments develop. With increased locomotion, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers.

Phase 4: From 24 months on children become aware of others’ feelings and goals and account for them in their own actions.

Question 6

individual differences in attachment

Answer 6

• Securely attached babies: use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
• Insecure avoidant babies: show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
• Insecure resistant babies: cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness.
• Insecure disorganized babies: appear disoriented, showing strong patterns of avoidance and resistance

Question 7

developmental cascade model

Answer 7

connections across domains over time influence developmental pathways and outcomes

Question 8

caregiving style of attachment

Answer 8

-caregiving’s sensitivity is linked to the secure attachment that consists on:
+being consistently available to respond to the infant’s need

-Caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be unavailable and rejecting.

-Caregivers of resistant babies tend to be inconsistent and tend not to be very affectionate.

-Caregivers of disorganized babies often neglect or physically abuse them

Question 9

development of social neuroscience and attachment

Answer 9

*The field of developmental social neuroscience examines the connection between the socioemotional processes, development, and the brain as well attachment has been a major focus

+the prefrontal cortex and the subcortical regions of the amygdala and hypothalamus may have an important role

+the important role of the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin and the neurotransmitter dopamine in the ùaternal-infant bond
( oxytocin increase in fathers as they engage with the baby while the high level of test may have a negative effect on the father-baby synchrony )